Introduction to Criminology and Psychology of Crimes

Comprehensive flashcards covering the etiology, nature, schools of thought, classical theories, and victimological concepts found in the criminology lecture notes.

How did Edwin H. Sutherland define criminology?

He defined criminology as the entire body of knowledge regarding crime as a social phenomenon, which includes within its scope the process of making of laws, of breaking of laws, and the society's reaction towards the breaking of laws.

What is the etymological origin of the word "criminology"?

It is derived from the Latin word "Crimen" meaning crime and the Greek word "Logos" which means "to study".

Who coined the term "criminologia" and in what year?

Rafael Garofalo, an Italian Law Professor, coined the term in $1885$.

Who first used the French term "criminologie" and in what year?

Paul Topinard, a French Anthropologist, used the term in $1889$.

Which academic field is recognized as the mother discipline of Criminology?

Sociology, which is the study of human society, its origin, structure, functions, and direction.

What is Sociological Criminology?

The study of crime focused on the group of people and society as a whole, primarily examining the relationship of demographic and group variables (such as socio-economic status, age, race, gender) to crime.

What was the purpose of Republic Act No. $6506$?

It was "An Act Creating the Board of Examiners for Criminologists in the Philippines and for other purposes".

What title is given to Republic Act No. $11131$?

"The Philippine Criminology Profession Act of $2018$", which repealed R.A. $6506$.

What is the official title of Republic Act No. $10912$?

"Continuing Professional Development Act of $2016$".

What is the Professional Criminologist Association of the Philippines (PCAP)?

The legitimate organization of Criminologists recognized by the Professional Regulation Commission (PRC).

When was the Philippine Educators Association for Criminology Education (PEACE) created and what is its primary role?

It was created on January $13$-$25$, $1983$, primarily to professionalize criminology education in the context of national development.

How does Republic Act No. $11131$ define a Registered Criminologist?

A natural person who holds a valid certificate of registration and an updated professional identification card as a criminologist issued by the Board and the Commission.

What is Criminal Etiology (Etiology of Crimes)?

The scientific analysis of the causes of crimes and criminal behavior.

What is the focus of the Sociology of Law?

The investigation of the nature of criminal law and its administration, analyzing the conditions under which criminal laws develop as a process of formal or social control.

What is Penology?

A division of criminology dealing with the punishment of crime, jail management, the rehabilitation of offenders, and repressing criminal activities through fear of punishment.

What is Criminalistics?

The sum total application of the entire science in crime detection; the profession and scientific discipline directed to the recognition, identification, individualization, and evaluation of physical evidence by applying physical and natural sciences to law-science matters.

Why did George L. Wilker argue that criminology cannot become a science?

In his manuscript "The Scientific Adequacy of Criminological Concept", he argued it cannot become a science because it has not yet acquired universal validity, which is the essence of science.

What honorary titles are associated with Edwin H. Sutherland?

He is considered the "Dean of Modern Criminology" and the Father or Pioneer of American Criminology.

What is the core premise of Edwin H. Sutherland's Differential Association Theory (DAT)?

It proposes that criminal behavior is a product of a learning process through socialization with other people who possess criminal behavior.

How did Edwin Sutherland define White Collar Crime (WCC)?

Crimes committed by people belonging to higher social or economic status, also referred to as economic crime, financial crime, or crime of the upper-world.

Why is criminology classified as an "applied science"?

Because it applies universally accepted principles and concepts from other scientific fields to the practice of criminology, a process called "Instrumentation".

What does it mean that criminology is dynamic and nationalistic?

It is dynamic because its concepts adapt to changing social conditions and advancements in other sciences; it is nationalistic because crimes are defined by the specific laws, history, culture, and social norms of a country.

Why is crime considered pervasive?

Nearly all participants of a free society have at one time been a victim of a crime, affecting people regardless of age, sex, race, nationality, religion, financial condition, or education.

Why is crime considered reflective?

The crime rate or incidence in a given locality reflects the efficiency of the social defenses employed by the people, primarily that of the police system.

Why is crime described as progressive?

The progressive upsurge in the volume of crime is tied to an ever-increasing population, and the evolving techniques of crime show the progressive thinking of society for advancement.

What are the three main schools of thought in criminology?

1. Classical School; 2. Positivist School; 3. Chicago School.

How is a "theory" defined in the study of criminology?

A set of statements devised to explain behavior, events, or phenomena, especially one that has been repeatedly tested and widely accepted.

What does a Single or Unitary Theory of crime contend?

It contends that crime is produced by one single factor, which may be biological, sociological, or psychological.

How does Multiple Factor Theory differ from Eclectic Theory?

Multiple Factor Theory views crime as a combination of several factors, while Eclectic Theory posits that crime stems from one or more factors in some instances and an entirely different set of factors in others.

What is an Integrated Theory of crime?

A theory that combines two or more theories to generate a single explanatory model or framework.

What does the Demonological Theory assert regarding criminal behavior?

It asserts that a person commits wrongful acts due to the fact that he was possessed by demons.

What legal conditions sparked the rise of the Classical School of criminology?

It arose as a reaction against the barbaric European justice system where laws were unwritten, judicial discretion was unchecked, and people were convicted for acts not legally defined as crimes.

Who are recognized as the founders of the Classical School of criminology?

Cesare Beccaria and Jeremy Bentham.

What was Cesare Beccaria's stance on extracting confessions through torture?

He argued that to torture accused offenders to obtain a confession is inadmissible.

What alternative to capital punishment did Cesare Beccaria propose?

He believed capital punishment was inefficacious and should be substituted by life imprisonment.

According to Cesare Beccaria, what is the chief purpose of all good legislation?

It is better to prevent crimes than to punish them.

What famous maxim summarizes Cesare Beccaria's view on penal proportion?

"Let the punishment fit the crime."

What was the international impact of Cesare Beccaria's essay "On Crimes and Punishment"?

It influenced penal code reforms in France, Russia, and Prussia, and influenced the first $10$ amendments (Bill of Rights) of the US Constitution.

What is Jeremy Bentham's concept of Utilitarian Hedonism?

The proposition that a person always acts in such a way as to seek pleasure and avoid pain.

What is the "felicific calculus" formulated by Jeremy Bentham?

A pseudo-mathematical formula proposing that individuals act as human calculators who weigh the pleasure (gain) against the pain (suffering) to decide if a crime is worth committing.

What are the modern outgrowths of the Classical School of criminology?

Rational Choice Theory, Routine Activities Theory, General Deterrence Theory, Specific Deterrence, and Incapacitation.

What is the difference between General Deterrence and Specific Deterrence?

General Deterrence aims to convince potential violators that the pains of crime outweigh the benefits, whereas Specific Deterrence aims to punish convicted offenders severely enough that they do not repeat criminal activity.

What are the three ($3$) characteristics of an effective deterrent ($\text{CE-SE-CE}$)?

1. Celerity or Swiftness; 2. Severity; 3. Certainty.

What does William Glasser's Rational Choice Theory state?

Individuals use rational calculations to make rational choices and achieve outcomes that align with their personal objectives and self-interests.

What are the three general scopes in the study of Criminology?

1. Study of the origin and development of criminal law; 2. Study of the causes of crimes and development of criminals; 3. Study of other sciences that examine criminal behavior using scientific methods.

What did Rawson W. Rawson discover in the field of Criminal Demography?

He utilized crime statistics to suggest a link between population density and crime rates, noting that crowded cities create an environment conducive to crime.

How did Henry Mayhew contribute to Criminal Epidemiology?

He used empirical and ethnographic methods to examine the relationship between environment (milieu), poverty, and criminality.

What is Criminal Ecology?

The study of criminality in relation to spatial distribution in a community, particularly in crowded areas.

What is Criminal Politics?

A science consisting of principles by which the State or Government organizes its fight against criminality, grounded in criminal law, penalties, and social defense measures.

Why is the victim often described as the "forgotten person" of the criminal justice system?

Victims are often excluded from discussions and valued only for reporting crimes and testifying in court, while the criminal receives celebrity-like attention.

What are the six general classes of victims according to Hans Von Hentig?

1. The Young; 2. The Female; 3. The Old; 4. The Mentally Defective; 5. The Immigrant; 6. The Minorities.

According to Hans Von Hentig's psychological typology, who is "The Acquisitive or Greedy" victim?

A person who wants more than what is sufficient, making them a natural victim of crime.

Who is "The Tormented" victim in victim typology?

A victim who asked for it, often from their own family or friends.

Who is known as the "Father of Victimology" and what terms did he coin?

Benjamin Mendelsohn; he coined the terms "general victimology", "penal couple", "victimal", and "victimity".

What does Benjamin Mendelsohn's concept of the "Penal Couple" describe?

The relationship between the victim and the criminal.

What is "The Loser" victim type?

A victim who is initially the attacker, but the situation reverses (such as a mugger who ends up injured or a swindler who becomes swindled).

What are the three stages of the "Victims of Crime Model" by Bard and Sangrey?

1. Stage of Impact & Disorganization; 2. Stage of Recoil (lasting $3$ to $8$ months); 3. Reorganization Stage.

What are the four stages of the "Disaster Victim's Model"?

1. Pre-impact stage; 2. Impact; 3. Post-impact stage; 4. Behavioral outcome.

What is the concept of Logomacy?

The statement that there would be no crime if there were no criminal law, and that all crime could be eliminated by abolishing criminal laws (decriminalization).

What are the six forms of civil damages a person may be entitled to, and what are Temperate Damages?

Moral, Actual/Compensatory, Nominal, Temperate, Liquidated, and Exemplary damages; Temperate damages are moderate damages awarded when pecuniary loss occurred but its amount cannot be proved with certainty.