unit 1 right order

What is history?

record of event resulting from man’s relationships with nature and

his culture.

pleistocene era

Last major Ice Age. Era when man as we know it first appeared. Continents had moved to their current positions and animals appeared

Hominids

man-like creatures. First found in Africa in the Olduvai Gorge,

Oldest man-like creatures include:

Australopithecus,Homo habilis, homo erectus, and homosapiens

Australopithecus

2 types robostus-plant eater and africanus-used tools to kill animals

Homo Habilis

“ handy man “ Used simple stone tools.

Homo Erectus

“ upright man “. Could use fire if found in nature. Made and used tools. More than 1 species of hominid alive at one time. Believed to be first hominid to leave africa birth place of humankind

Homo Sapiens

“ thinking man “. Man-like creatures with large brain (thinkers)

Neanderthal Man

Early form of homo-erectus, lived in Europe and adjacent Asia & Africa. Lived in caves, created tools and wore clothes, and practiced religion, introducing burial practices. Worshipped “mother earth” and believed in rebirth.

Cro-magnon

Replaced Neanderthal. Found in Europe and considered fore-runner to modern man. They left paintings on wall caves.

characteristics of PALEOLITHIC ERA

A. Characterized by the use of chipped stone implements

C. Man a nomadic hunter and food gatherer.

D. Man made crude tools of stone, wood, bone, horn and controlled fire

E. Religion belief in magic and in a here after: animism = all things found in nature have a soul.

NEOLITHIC MAN

A. Characterized by the use of polished stone implement

B. Village life substituted for nomadic existence.

C. Domestication of plants leads to agriculture. New food production leads to rapid growth of

population.

D. Developed spinning, weaving, house construction, pottery, and impressed tools.

E. Invention of the wheel

F. Domestication of animals- the dog first

METAL AGES

1). Copper Age - early period of this age when pure copper and alloy (bronze) of copper and tin

were used at random

2). Bronze Age

3). Iron Age

7 THINGS THAT IDENTIFY CIVILIZATION

1). Writing- started as pictograms and ideograms

2). Development of cities (urban areas)

3). Specialization of labor

4). Social classes

5). Organized centralized government.

6). Complex organized religion

7). Monumental construction-first irrigation

Birthplaces of civilization/cradles of civilization, four river valleys

-Mesopotamia- Tigris and Euphrates

-Egypt- Nile

-India- Indus

-China- Yellow River

Why rivers

1. transportation

2. milder climate

3. protection

4. food production

MESOPOTAMIA

“land between the rivers” It developed along the Tigris and Euphrates Rivers. First civilization developed in the area Fertile Crescent. A powerful city-state in Sumeria was Ur.

ORIGINS

The origin of the Sumerian people and their language is unknown. Theories include movement from the Indus River Valley.

semitic

group of related languages that is though to have originated in the Arabian peninsula around 2500 bc it then spread to the Mediterranean coast,- Mesopotamia and Nile river delta 

Examples Arabic- araman-hebrew   lesser known:- Acadia-cadenite Also culture of people that speak the language

Indo European

family of languages that emerged from a single unknown language in the Caucasus region (near the black sea) about 5000 years ago then migrated to Europe and Asia. became the foundation of almost every european language

Sumarian developments

a-agriculture Sedentary agriculture = planting and harvesting.

b job, special occupation = specific jobs in the civilization such priests, farmers, builders,

etc.

c Original religion: introduction of polytheism and worship of multiple gods.

d Organized government. Form of government is a theocracy meaning ruled by

religious leaders.

E. Other new technology such as the wheel.

F. Monumental construction: ziggurat = Structure composed of step like terraces.

Literally a flat topped temple.

G. System of counting-the Mesopotamian system of counting by base 60 = sexagesimal

system

H. Development of cuneiform begins. One of the earliest forms of writing.

Wedge shaped writing that is a system of pictographs. Symbols represent complicated

thoughts.

I. The Epic of Gilgamesh was written in cuneiform. Considered first epic writing

Gilgamesh was a ruler of Uruk. Story centers on his search for

eternal life. 1 chapter similar to the story of Noah (Utnapishtim).

lugal

important man, large land owners, farmers lugals form noble class of civilization

Goes from meaning important man to noble to king

Ensi:

high priest and governor of the sumerian civilization

Later lugal passed the ensi

what is the protoliterite era

The time period after the beginning of writing leads to advancement of technology

Technology advancements because people don’t have to start from scratch with something, only improving

Akkadians

Sargon the Great Ruler of Akkad. Created the first empire known to

history. Invaded and captured Sumer conquering the last Sumerian king Lugal-zagesi. Various

legends about his origins.

Babylonians: King Hammurabi

Developed Hammurabi’s Code, the first written code of law. Based on the eye for an eye principle, improved irrigation, improved army, and repaired temples. Empire

collapsed almost immediately after his death.

NEW CIVILIZATIONS in bronze age

New people arise in the Fertile Crescent area: Hittites, Mittanians,

Kassites, and Elamites. All are Indo-European speaking.

Age of chariot warfare

Mittanians and Kassites are influenced by Mesopotamian culture: they write the Akkadian

language in cuneiform. The Elamites and Hittites write their own languages in cuneiform.

All three civilizations are connected through introduction of horses.

HITTITES:

based in Anatolia (Asia Minor). they invade Syria and then move into Babylon and kill the last of Hammurabi's successors.

They will be heavily influenced by Mesopotamian culture.

Hattusilus I

first Hittite ruler mentioned and is therefore considered one of the founders of

the Hittite empire. Hitties fiercely guarded there iron weapons

mittanians:

Mittanians build a hegemonic (dominant politically) empire. Came to power in

the northern Fertile Crescent area after fall of Amorite Babylon.

KASSITES:

Originated in the Zagros Mountains, and then moved into Babylonian area. They unite the Babylonians and ensure their survival by repopulating the area. Kurigalzu I built a new capital at Dur-Kurigalzu. Invented boundary stone called the kudurru. It recorded the land grant of the king to favored people.

PHOENICIANS

Semitic people who settled in what is today Syria and Lebanon. Lived along the coast and became the Mediterranean’s greatest traders. They are made up of a confederation of city-states. The three most famous are Byblos, Tyre, and Ugarit. The Phoenicians also traded in purple dye and cedar trees which allowed them to amass great wealth. Because they never united to form a strong state they were eventually overrun by the Chaldeans

Byblos:

traded paper and papyrus with the Egyptians becoming the basis of our words: book,

Bible, and library.

Tyre:

Responsible for the creation of the colony of Carthage. Carthage will be a major force in

the Mediterranean before losing out to the Romans.

Ugarit:

Adaption of cuneiform writing led to the development of the Phoenician alphabet, later adopted by the Greeks.

HEBREWS/ISRAELITES

Semitic people who are related to the Aramaeans. The first known historical record of them is on the Pharoah Merneptah's victory stele. A stele is an inscribed territorial marker made of wood or stone. He was suppressing a revolt in Palestine and Syria

Hapirus:

Nomadic group that raided Assyrian territories. Biblical record suggests that they are the same as the Hebrews, but archaeological evidence is not as conclusive.

Yahweh:

The name for the Hebrew God. They consider Him the one true God. They are monotheistic.

Mosaic Covenant:

The contract between God and the Israelites that if they follow the 10 Commandments, He will provide for them and protect them

Promised Land

Land promised by God to the Israelites, but already settled by 6 other groups who had to be defeated by the Israelites can take control

Shoshenq 1 of Egypt

The Bible states Shoshenq plundered the temple and took all the riches including golden shields that King Solomon had made.

King Josiah of Judah

Josiah was a godly king and known as one of the world’s youngest kings; he began his reign at age 8 after his father was assassinated. A highlight of Josiah’s reign was his rediscovery of the Law of the Lord. In the eighteenth year of his reign, he raised money to repair the temple, and during the repairs the high priest Hilkiah found the Book of the Law. Under his reign monotheism was reinforced. He ordered the destruction of all altars to the other deities. He was the last righteous king of the Hebrews/Israelites

ARAMAEANS

closely related to the Hebrews, lived in Syria. They dominated the camel trade between Egypt and northern Mediterranean coast. language became most common

ASSYRIANS

Moved into northern Mesopotamia, they will become the dominant power in that area this is done through a series of strong kings and culture advances

Tukulti-Ninurta I

Defeated the Hittites and the Kassites. Captured Babylon, destroyed the city, and stole the statue of Marduk, their chief god. His treatment of captured temples caused the Mesopotamians to revolt. murdered by son

Tiglath -Pilieser I

Established Assyria as a major power in the region. Expanded empire into Syria and south into Babylonia. Records tell us that he carefully cultivated fear of himself into his own people as well as his enemies

Ashurnasirpal II

ruled by terror and fear. Beheaded enemies. Smaller kingdoms paid tribute to avoid war. Wealth brought in through conquest and tribute allowed for a new palace to be built at Kalhu.

Shalmaneser III

Replaces Ashurnasirpal Il as king. Continues to collect tribute and instill fear in lesser kingdoms. A failed revolt by 12 different kings means the continuation of the tribute payments

Tiglath-pileser III

1. Expansion of the empire by annexing nearby kingdoms.

2. Siege warfare: including scaling walls and impaling the defeated on spikes!

3. Resettling conquered people in new areas. This prevented uprisings because there were no

natural alliances among the resettled people. EG: Israelites

4. Capture of Babylon at the end of his reign

Sargon II

Son of Tiglath-pileser III. Defeats the Israelites and puts down several Chaldean revolts in Babylon. Celebrates his achievements by building a new capital, Dur-Sharrukin.

SENNACHERIB

Son of Sargon II, he had a temper, violently punishing people who spoke against him, particularly the rebellious Babylonians. Vain and ambitious, he never completed the great achievements he sought, such as an attempt to defeat the Hebrews under Hezekiah in the kingdom of Judah. killed by his own sons, dumped the salt into fields making it infertile, was a loser

ESARHADDON

tried a different ruling approach from his predecessors. He did not try to annex neighboring areas, he let vassal kings rule for him while rarely interfering

AHURBANIPUAL

Replacing his father Esarhaddon, this Assyrian king returned to the traditional terrorizing of his enemies, lived a good life, allowed his brother to rule babylon but he plotted a rebellion however did not win and burned himself alive

when did the Assyrians reign come to an end

The Chaldeans led a revolt in

626 BCE and they were soon joined by the Medes from the north. Nineveh was destroyed in 612

BCE ending the Assyrian reign of terror

Geography of Egypt

Nile River dominates Egypt's geography. The Nile descends into 6 cataracts. Desert surrounds the Nile. Floods deposit silt creating fertile areas especially in Lower Egypt.

ancient Egyptian culture

Hieroglyphs make up the Egyptian writing. Commonly inscribed on clay tablets, but also found on stone and papyrus. The symbols actually represent what they look like. Temple scribes were the record keepers, while other scribes worked for nobles.

hieratic:

Short, informal handwritten form of Egyptian writing, usually used in paper form and not on stone.

Rosetta Stone:

A stone with 3 different languages on it leading to the deciphering of the hieroglyphics. Hieroglyphics, demotic, and Greek. Same message in all 3 languages: “Khufu was the Old Kingdom pharaoh who built the Great Pyramid”

Religion

Egyptians were polytheistic, each city had its own patron god just like the greeks

Isis:

Chief goddess in Egyptian religion.

Osiris:

God of the dead and Isis mate. Portrayed in green because he is the vegetation god.

Horus:

God of kingship. King of the living.

Osiris

Becomes god and judge of the dead. All dead have a soul called a ka. Mummification preserved the body and organs for the afterlife. The ka was believed the re-enter a properly prepared body.

Maat

Justice, order, truth. What the ka was measured against to determine if you went on to the afterlife or not.

What would sacrificers bring

They would bring the judge bread, wine, fowl and flowers as a sacrifice.

What were Egyptian kings considered

Considered gods, believed that Horus was reborn with each new king

Lower and upper egypt

Each king was king of both lower and upper Egypt, lower was the northern part, upper was southern part. Lower Egypt was symbolized with a bee/cobra and upper Egypt was symbolized with a reed/vulture.

Symbolism in Egypt

Titles given to the king are royal propaganda that portray them as gods. Symbolism was common throughout Egyptian artifacts like the flail and shepherd’s crook to represent the pharoh as both taskmaster and protector.

Egyptian gender norms

Male dominated society, women had more rights than other societies but could not be scribes or hold government position, could divorce, start business, own 1/3 of property, not confined to work at home. Men were portrayed in different ways while women were only portrayed as youthful beauties in paintings, women always stood behind the men.

Developments

Used to believe in magic but developed skills observing symptoms, diagnosing illness, and finding cures, did surgery, had astronomers, had literature and folktales like tales of sinuhe

Kingdoms vs intermediate periods

Periods of peace and unity were kingdoms, periods of transition do to weak rulers and/ or rival kingdoms were called intermediate periods. had 30 dynasties (families of kings) throughout Egyptian history

Old Kingdom

Time of Pyramid building, Djoser and his vizier created the first step pyramids, first true pyramid was the red pyramid by sneferu, first king of the fourth dynasty, then khufu made the great pyramid, ends with first intermediate period

First intermediate period

The nile stopped flooding which caused drought which then caused famine. Civil wars against weakened throne and outside invaders caused a period of chaos.

Middle kingdom

The role of pharaoh changed to benevolent Shepard of the people, they replied on pharaoh to provide for them. Building projects like large scale drainage and irrigation projects used to create new farmland. Trade expanded to Nubia, racism emerges.

Second intermediate period

Hyksos (Semitic speaking Asiatic, means Shepard) people moved into Egypt and took control, had long hair, introduced Egypt to horses and chariots warfare, adopted Egyptian customs but were still outsiders. Ex: adopted Seth as favorite god

New Kingdom

Began with Ahmose driving out the Hyksos, time of expansion and imperialism for egyptians. (expansions to protect themselves from outside invasions) Reaches Euphrates river in northern siberia and move south to Nubia. Punishment for Nubians for forming alliance with Hyksos. Nubia becomes Egyptian colony.

third intermediate period

Political chaos, power of great pharaoh decline, capitol moved to Tanis, less lapis lazuli suggesting trading with Afghanistan declined or lessened

King Menes/ Narmar

Unifier of egypt

Djoser

built step first pyramids

Sneferu

Made the first “real” pyramid- red pyramid

Khufu

Sneferu’s sons responsible for great pyramid

Pepi II

Longest ruling monarch for 94 years

Ahmose

Drives Hyksos out

Hatshepsut

longest reigning female in egypt 22 years, portrayed herself as a man

Thutmose III

Stepson/nephew of Hatshepsut, 19 campaigns in 17 years, destroyed and defaced Hatshepsut’s monument.

Akhenaten

Introduced monotheism, worshiped Aten, outlawed other gods moved capital from thebes to amarna

Tutankhamun

Tomb untouched

Ramses II

ruled for over 60 years, worlds first peace treaty

Merneptah

Ramses II’s son first mention of the israelites

Ramses III

tried to copy the II not related, fought the sea people

Lydians

Asia minor civilization contemporary to the Assyrians and Babylonians, inventors of coinage

King Croesus

famous for being rich

Nebuchadnezzar II

Chaldaean ruler of Babylon, lead battle of Carchemish-battle that marked the end of the Assyrian empire, rebuilds Babylon, the gates of Ishtar, and a new ziggurat, conquered Jerusalem, last great Mesopotamian king, Cyrus and the Persians arrived ending the Chaldean empire.

Cyrus II

referred to as Cyrus the great, defeated Croesus, lydians, and the Babylonians. Croesus talked to an oracle and thought she meant he would win, allowed captives of Judah to return from Babylonian exile. Rebuilt temples destroyed by Nebuchadnezzar. Killed by a nomad group. Cyrus was known as the founder of the Persian empire

Nabonidus

Last King of Babylonian empire, defeated by Cyrus the great, he worshipped the moon god sin but Babylonian priests preferred Marduk so when Cyrus appeared many Babylonians were already upset at with Nabonidus.

Why were the Persian empire successful

Did not displace aristocracy of territories they invaded worked with the people they invaded, generally tolerant to different cultures and religions

Cambyses II

Son of Cyrus, conquered egypt, expanded the Persian empire from India all the way to the Mediterranean in a matter of decades

Darius I

cousin of Cyrus, overcame 9 other claimants to the Persian throne, considered 2nd founder of Persian empire, claimed Ahuramazda ordained his kingship, builds much of the kingdoms infrastructure. taxed his subjects in not only money but gold, darics, food, and animals. Brought coinage to Persia and developed a postal system