biofinal

Koch’s postulates

Causal relationship between a microbe and a disease. 1 - not present in healthy organisms, present in sick organisms , 2 - isolated and grown in pure culture 3- must cause disease when reinfected 4 - Reisolation - microbe can be reisolated from infected animal

Pathogen vs Microbes

All pathogens are microbes but not all microbes are pathogens. Pathogens are microorganisms that cause disease

Infectious Disease

Caused by pathogens and can spread from one person to another, e.g., influenza, HIV/AIDS.

Viruses

Composed of genetic material in a protein coat, replicate by infecting host cells. Needs host to survive. Flu, HIV, covid

Bacteria

Prokaryotic cells with a simple structure, reproduce through binary fission, produce toxins, and are targeted by antibiotics.

Immune system

Innate immunity is the body's first line of defense against pathogens. It is general and non-specific, which means it does not differentiate between types of pathogens.

Adaptive immunity is a type of immunity that is built up as we are exposed to diseases or get vaccinated. T cells, memory b cells

Antibiotics

Target bacterial structures/processes like celll wallll synthesis

clonal replication

1. mmune cells (lymphocytes) proliferate and differentiate in response to a specific antigen, creating a large population of cells that can specifically target the pathogen.

Correlation vs

changes in one are associated with changes in another, BUT ONE DOES NOT CAUSE THE OTHER

cAUSATION

casue and effect, one variable determines the occurence of the otrher event

PET scan

Imagine, radiation injected in body

fMRI

changes in blood flow in brain, identifies regions involved in specific tasks

MRI

magnetic fields shows images of organs

Frontal Lobe

Brocas Arphasia

Can understand but CANT SPEAK

Wernickes a[hasia

Can speak, CANNOT UNDERSTAND

Conduction Aphasia

iSSUE BETWEEN FRONTAL AND TEMPORAL

Temporal lobe

hearing memory language

Parietal Lobe

Spacial orientation, sensory info

EPSP

• Excitatory neurotrasnsmitters like glutamate open ion channels, letting positive sodium flood into cell, DEPOLARIZING

IPSP

• makes it less likely for action potential to fire

• Hyperpolarizing

• GABA binds to receptors letting chloring enter and Potassium exit

VLPO

inhibits arousal

Orexin

Rregulates arousal and wakefulness

SCN

bodys clock, regulates circadian rythms

Adenosine/cageine

caffeine blocks adenosine receptors, keeping you awake

Brain Waves

Type 1 diabetes

PANCREAS DOESNT MAKE INSULIN, autoimmune diseas where pancreas cells are attacked

Type 2 diabetes

pancreas makes less insulin, body is resistant to insulin

Neuron Parts

EEG

eelectrocal activity in briN

Hills postulates

set of nine principles to establish a causal relationship between a presumed cause and an observed effect

Ames test

A test to determine the mutagenic potential of a substance, indicating its carcinogenic potential.

Neurons

Consist of a cell body, dendrites, and an axon, transmit signals through action potentials, and communicate via synaptic transmission.

Malignant tumor

Cancerous growths that can invade and destroy nearby tissue and spread to other parts of the body.

Bnign tumor

nON CANCEROUS, doesnt spread

Metastatic tumor

same type of cells as primary tumor

checkpoint proteins

INK, pevent driver, Retinoblastoma, prevents passes point of no return where they dont listen to external signals

Tumor supressor genes like p53

inhibit cell divisiona nd stop tumor from growing

Odds ratio

if above one, more likely to get cancer, if below, less likey to get cancer

Calculate odds ratio

Proto oncogenes / drivers

tell cell to continue cycle and division, when they mutate they are oncogenes.

How cancer starts

Mutation, hyperproliferation, local invasion, angeogeneis, formation of new bloood vessels, enters blood stream, forms secoondary tumor

Necrosis vs apoptosis

Apoptosis, little damage, planned, tells neighboring cells to die

nECROSIS, explodes, bc od extreme conditions

Tumor grade

structural complexity, is it nromal or abnormal, how unique are they, how different are they from normal cells

Tumor stage

How likely they are to metastasize, stage 4 is that its spread

Pain and perception

Involves excitatory and inhibitory neurons, pain circuits, and synaptic connections for EPSPs and IPSPs.

Sleep

Regulated by brain regions like VLPO, arousal neurons, orexin neurons, SCN, and influenced by adenosine, caffeine, and sleep disorders like narcolepsy.

Drugs, addiction, and neuronal changes

Involves the reward pathway, structures like VTA, NAc, PFC, tolerance, withdrawal, and conditions like epilepsy.

Metabolic diseases

Include understanding food components, digestive system organs, enzymes, hormones like ghrelin and leptin, and metabolic processes like lipogenesis and gluconeogenesis.

Fasting vs

Involves metabolic processes like lipogenesis, lipolysis, and gluconeogenesis, regulated by the liver and appetite-regulating hormones.

BMI/body composition

BMI measures body fat based on height and weight, while body composition refers to fat, muscle, and bone proportions in the body.

Cell Cycle (normal)

The series of events that take place in a cell leading to its division and replication, including interphase, mitosis, and cytokinesis.

Carcinogens

Substances that can cause cancer by disrupting the normal cell cycle or promoting abnormal cell growth.

Transformation

The process by which normal cells become cancerous.

Malignant vs

Malignant tumors invade nearby tissues and spread, while benign tumors do not spread.

Primary Site vs

Primary site is where cancer originates, while metastatic tumors spread to other body parts.

Treatment - Radiation, Surgery, and Chemotherapy

Methods to destroy or inhibit cancer cells.

Stages of Cancer

Range from I to IV, indicating cancer spread extent.

Mutations affect the cell cycle and carcinogens

Mutations can lead to hyperproliferation and affect tumor suppressor genes.

Odds ratio

Measures the association between exposure and cancer risk.

Proliferation

Cells multiplying rapidly, creating more cells.

Local Invasion

Cells moving from where they originated to nearby tissues.

Growth of New Blood Vessels

Formation of new blood vessels to supply nutrients and oxygen to growing tissue.

Entering the Bloodstream

Cells getting into the blood vessels.

Exiting the Bloodstream and Forming a Secondary Tumor

Cells leaving the bloodstream and establishing a new tumor in a different part of the body.

Apoptosis

Programmed cell death where the affected cell actively participates in the process.

Necrosis

Cell death due to adverse conditions in the cell's environment, often unregulated and causing extensive damage.

Angiogenesis

The growth of new blood vessels to provide oxygen and nutrients to tissues.

Tumor Grade

Describes how different cancer cells are from normal cells and their invasiveness relative to healthy cells.

Tumor Stage

Indicates how much the tumor has spread, including the likelihood of metastasis and migration beyond the original site.

Oncogene

Mutated gene that can promote cancer development.

P53

Gene that regulates apoptosis, a key process in controlling cell death.

Intravasation

The process where cancer cells enter blood or lymphatic vessels.