Kinesiology & Biomechanics 3.2 (Posture)

What does the position of the body adopt to maintain?

Horizontal gaze (looking forward)

How is posture attained?

Coordinated action

What are the primary physiologic curves?

Thoracic

Sacral

Are the primary physiologic curves kyphotic or lordotic?

Kyphotic

What are the secondary physiologic curves?

Cervical

Lumbar

Are the secondary physiologic curves kyphotic or lordotic?

Lordotic

What are the flexible spinal curves?

Cervical

Thoracic

Lumbar

What is the function of the spinal curves?

Absorb stress on spinal column

What is the ideal posture of the spine?

Minimal stress on muscles and joint structures

During static posture the body segments BLANK moving.

Are not

During dynamic posture the body segments BLANK moving.

Are

Is sitting and standing a static or dynamic posture?

Static

Is lifting a static or dynamic posture?

Dynamic

What is considered an anatomical/structural factor that affects posture?

Leg discrepancy

Scoliosis

What is considered a physiological factor that affects posture?

Pregnancy

Pain

Psychological status

What is considered a pathological factor that affects posture?

CVA

Parkinson's

What is considered an age factor that affects posture?

Osteoporosis

Degenerative diseases

Muscle weakness

What is considered an environmental factor that affects posture?

Occupation

Habit

Structural deviations BLANK change.

Cannot

Non-structural deviations BLANK change.

Can

What can poor posture lead to?

Musculoskeletal pain

Joint restriction

General discomfort

Adaptive shortening of the muscles acts in the BLANK direction of the postural deviation.

Same

Elongation and weakness of the muscles acts in the BLANK direction of the postural deviation.

Opposite

What is affected when there is thoracic kyphosis?

Decreased flexion

What is the plumb line aligned with at the head?

External auditory meatus (EAM)

What is the plumb line aligned with at the shoulder?

Acromion process

What is the plumb line aligned with at the trunk?

Divided thorax

What is the plumb line aligned with at the hip?

Slightly posterior hip

What is the plumb line aligned with at the knee?

Slightly anterior knee

What is the plumb line aligned with at the ankle?

Slightly anterior ankle

Where should the plumb line be lined up in lateral view?

Anterior to lateral malleolus

Where should the plumb line be lined up in anterior and posterior view?

Mid-way between the feet

What is indicated if the EAM is forward from the plumb line in lateral view?

Cervical lordosis

What is indicated if the acromion is forward from the plumb line in lateral view?

Rounded, forward, internally rotated shoulders

How should the ASIS and pubis be relative to each other?

On the same vertical line

What location of the hip should be in line with the plumb line?

Greater trochanter

What is a slight deviation that should be expected?

Lower shoulder on the dominant side of the body

Is inter-rater or intra-rater most reliable when not using a plumb line to assess posture?

Intra-rater

What muscles are shortened when there is a forward head?

Cervical extensors

What muscles are lengthened when there is a forward head?

Deep cervical flexors

What muscles are shortened when there is a forward shoulders?

Pectoralis major and minor; subscapularis; anterior deltoid

What muscles are lengthened when there is a forward shoulders?

Rhomboids; trapezius; serratus anterior; posterior rotator cuff

What muscles are shortened when there is a thoracic kyphosis?

Upper abdominals

What muscles are lengthened when there is a thoracic kyphosis?

Erector spinae

What muscles are shortened when there is increased lumbar lordosis?

Hip flexors; lumbar spine extensors

What muscles are lengthened when there is increased lumbar lordosis?

Abdominals; hamstrings

What muscles are shortened when there is decreased lumbar lordosis?

Abdominals; hamstrings

What muscles are lengthened when there is decreased lumbar lordosis?

Hip flexors; lumbar spine extensors

During kyphosis-lordosis the thorax is BLANK and the L-spine is BLANK.

Flexed; extended

During sway back the thorax is BLANK, the L-spine is BLANK, and the hips are BLANK.

Flexed; flattened; hyperextended

During flat back the thorax is BLANK and the L-spine is BLANK.

Flattened; flexed

What is typically present when there is a forward head?

Rounded shoulders

What is scoliosis named for?

Side of convexity

Which side is raised when there is scoliosis?

Side of convexity

In ideal standing posture, the plumb line passes:

A) Posterior to all major joints of the body

B) Through the acromion and slightly posterior to the hip joint

C) Slightly posterior to the knee and ankle joints

D) Anterior to all major joints of the body

Through the acromion and slightly posterior to the hip joint

In ideal standing posture, the plumb line passes:

A) Posterior to all major joints of the body

B) Through the acromion and slightly anterior to the hip joint

C) Slightly anterior to the knee and ankle joints

D) Anterior to all major joints of the body

Slightly anterior to the knee and ankle joints

A sway-back posture is characterized by which of the following?

A) Neutral pelvis with knee flexion and thorax posterior to plumb line

B) Posterior pelvic tilt with hip extension and thorax neutral to plumb line

C) Anterior pelvic tilt with hip flexion and thorax anterior to plumb line

D) Posterior pelvic tilt with hip extension and thorax posterior to plumb line

Posterior pelvic tilt with hip extension and thorax posterior to plumb line

A increased lumbar lordosis posture is characterized by which of the following?

A) Neutral pelvis with knee flexion and thorax posterior to plumb line

B) Posterior pelvic tilt with hip extension and thorax neutral to plumb line

C) Anterior pelvic tilt with hip flexion and thorax anterior to plumb line

D) Posterior pelvic tilt with hip extension and thorax posterior to plumb line

Anterior pelvic tilt with hip flexion and thorax anterior to plumb line

A flat back posture is characterized by which of the following?

A) Neutral pelvis with knee flexion and thorax posterior to plumb line

B) Posterior pelvic tilt with hip extension and thorax neutral to plumb line

C) Anterior pelvic tilt with hip flexion and thorax anterior to plumb line

D) Posterior pelvic tilt with hip extension and thorax posterior to plumb line

Posterior pelvic tilt with hip extension and thorax neutral to plumb line

Which of the following is a structural postural deviation?

A) Rounded shoulders from muscle imbalance

B) Scoliosis caused by congenital vertebral anomalies

C) Pelvic tilt due to pain avoidance

D) Forward head due to habit

Scoliosis caused by congenital vertebral anomalies

Which of the following is a non-structural postural deviation?

A) Scoliosis caused by congenital vertebral anomalies

B) Leg length discrepancy due to fused growth plates

C) Rounded shoulders from muscle imbalance

D) Tibial varum

Rounded shoulders from muscle imbalance

In a kyphosis-lordosis posture, which muscles are typically shortened?

A) Upper back, gluteals, abdominals

B) Neck extensors, lumbar extensors, hip flexors

C) Hamstrings, quadriceps, hip extensors

D) Abdominals, hamstrings, neck flexors

Neck extensors, lumbar extensors, hip flexors

Static posture refers to:

A) Body segment alignment when not moving

B) The coordinated motion of limbs

C) The ability to maintain alignment during movement

D) Body segment alignment when moving

Body segment alignment when not moving

dynamic posture refers to:

A) Body segment alignment when not moving

B) The coordinated motion of limbs

C) The ability to maintain alignment during movement

D) Body segment alignment when moving

Body segment alignment when moving

The flat-back posture typically presents with:

A) Posterior pelvic tilt and knee flexion

B) Posterior pelvic tilt and hip extension

C) Anterior pelvic tilt and increased thoracic kyphosis

D) Increased lumbar lordosis and forward head

Posterior pelvic tilt and hip extension

The kyphosis-lordosis posture typically presents with:

A) Posterior pelvic tilt and knee flexion

B) Posterior pelvic tilt and hip extension

C) Anterior pelvic tilt and increased thoracic kyphosis

D) Increased lumbar lordosis and forward head

Increased lumbar lordosis and forward head

The primary spinal curves are present at birth and include which of the following?

A) Lumbar and sacral curves

B) Thoracic and cervical curves

C) Cervical and lumbar curves

D) Thoracic and sacral curves

Thoracic and sacral curves

The secondary spinal curves are formed over time and include which of the following?

A) Lumbar and sacral curves

B) Thoracic and cervical curves

C) Cervical and lumbar curves

D) Thoracic and sacral curves

Cervical and lumbar curves

One of the main functions of the spine is to:

A) Increase spinal rigidity and structure

B) Reduce mobility for protection

C) Absorb and distribute mechanical stress along the spine

D) Maintain equal length of trunk muscles

Absorb and distribute mechanical stress along the spine

For someone with a left thoracic scoliosis. Which of the following is TRUE?

A) The rib hump (when bending forward) appears on the right side

B) The muscles on the left side of the spine are lengthened

C) The muscles on the left side of the spine are shortened

The muscles on the left side of the spine are lengthened

Which of the following statements about poor posture is TRUE?

A) It always produces structural changes that affect function

B) It can lead to muscle imbalances and joint stress over time

C) It is always caused by weak muscles

D) It has no effect on joint osteokinematics and arthrokinematics

It can lead to muscle imbalances and joint stress over time