Chemistry Unit 1 Quiz Flashcards

Which term is defined as anything that has both mass and volume?

Matter

What is defined as the types and amounts of simpler substances that make up a sample of matter?

Composition

Which of the following describes a physical property?

A property shown by a substance itself, without interacting with another substance

Which of the following is an example of a chemical property?

Flammability

What characterizes a physical change?

Physical form changes while composition does NOT change

Which statement correctly describes a chemical change?

Composition changes into different substance(s)

In the particle view, which state of matter has a fixed volume and fixed shape with organized particles close together?

Solid

Which state of matter is characterized by a fixed volume, variable shape, an upper surface, and disorganized particles close together?

Liquid

In the particle view, which state of matter has no fixed shape or volume, no surface, and particles far apart?

Gas

What is the simplest type of substance, made of only one type of atom, that cannot be broken down further by chemical means?

Element

What is defined as two or more atoms chemically bonded together, behaving as one independent unit?

Molecule

What is a substance composed of two or more elements that are chemically combined in fixed proportions?

Compound

How is a mixture defined in chemistry?

Two or more elements or compounds physically combined without chemical bonding

Which type of mixture contains one or more visible boundaries between its components?

Heterogeneous mixture

Which type of mixture has no visible boundaries and has a uniform composition throughout?

Homogeneous mixture (solution)

What is an aqueous solution?

A solution in which water is the solvent

Which of the following is an extensive property?

Mass

Which of the following is an intensive property?

Density

Which equation correctly defines density?

$$\text{density} = \frac{\text{mass}}{\text{volume}}$$

What does precision measure in scientific measurements?

How close repeated measurements are to each other

What does accuracy describe in experimental measurements?

How close a measurement is to the true or accepted value

Which statement best describes a systematic error?

It produces values consistently all higher or all lower than the true value

What is a key characteristic of random error?

It produces values scattered both above and below the true value

What is the SI base unit of mass?

kilogram ($\text{kg}$)

What is the SI base unit of length?

meter ($\text{m}$)

What is the SI base unit of time?

second ($\text{s}$)

What is the SI base unit of temperature?

Kelvin ($\text{K}$)

What is the SI base unit for the amount of substance?

Mole ($\text{mol}$)

What multiplier corresponds to the SI prefix "kilo-"?

$$10^3$$

What multiplier corresponds to the SI prefix "deci-"?

$$10^{-1}$$

What multiplier corresponds to the SI prefix "centi-"?

$$10^{-2}$$

What multiplier corresponds to the SI prefix "milli-"?

$$10^{-3}$$

What multiplier corresponds to the SI prefix "micro-" ($\mu$)?

$$10^{-6}$$

What multiplier corresponds to the SI prefix "nano-"?

$$10^{-9}$$

Which formula correctly converts a temperature in Celsius ($T_{\text{C}}$) to Kelvin ($T_{\text{K}}$)?

$$T_{\text{K}} = T_{\text{C}} + 273.15$$

Which formula correctly converts a temperature in Celsius ($T_{\text{C}}$) to Fahrenheit ($T_{\text{F}}$)?

$$T_{\text{F}} = T_{\text{C}} \times \frac{9}{5} + 32$$

Which formula correctly converts a temperature in Fahrenheit ($T_{\text{F}}$) to Celsius ($T_{\text{C}}$)?

$$T_{\text{C}} = (T_{\text{F}} - 32) \times \frac{5}{9}$$

What are the freezing point values of water in ($^\circ\text{C}$, $K$, $^\circ\text{F}$) respectively?

$0^\circ\text{C}$, $273.15\,\text{K}$, $32^\circ\text{F}$

What are the boiling point values of water at $1\,\text{atm}$ in ($^\circ\text{C}$, $K$, $^\circ\text{F}$) respectively?

$100^\circ\text{C}$, $373.15\,\text{K}$, $212^\circ\text{F}$

Which set of temperature values represents absolute zero?

$$0\,\text{K} = -273.15^\circ\text{C} = -459.67^\circ\text{F}$$

According to significant figure rules, how are nonzero digits treated?

Always count as significant

According to significant figure rules, leading zeros (zeros before the first nonzero digit):

NEVER count as significant

According to significant figure rules, captive zeros (zeros between nonzero digits):

Always count as significant

When do trailing zeros count as significant?

Only if a decimal point is present in the number

How many significant figures should be kept in the result of a multiplication or division calculation?

Same number of significant figures as the factor with the FEWEST significant figures

How is the precision of an answer determined in addition or subtraction calculations?

The answer keeps the same number of decimal places as the term with the FEWEST decimal places

When rounding off a calculation where the dropped digit is exactly 5 (with nothing after it), what is the standard rounding rule?

Round so the preceding digit becomes EVEN

Where do exact numbers come from and how do they affect significant figures in calculations?

From definitions or counting; they have infinite significant figures and never limit a calculation

What is the charge and location of a proton?

$+1$ charge; located in the nucleus

What is the charge and location of a neutron?

No charge ($0$); located in the nucleus

What is the charge and location of an electron?

$-1$ charge; located outside the nucleus

Which subatomic particle has negligible mass compared to the others?

Electron

What does the atomic number ($Z$) of an element represent?

The number of protons in the nucleus

What does the mass number ($A$) represent in an atom?

Total protons + neutrons ($A = Z + N$)

What are isotopes?

Atoms of the same element (same $Z$) with different numbers of neutrons (different $A$)

How is the atomic mass listed on the periodic table calculated?

As a weighted average of all naturally occurring isotopes' masses, weighted by fractional abundance

Which formula correctly gives the atomic mass of an element from its isotopes?

$$\text{atomic mass} = \sum (\text{isotopic mass} \times \text{fractional abundance})$$

Which analytical method measures the relative masses and abundances of atomic-scale particles?

Mass spectrometry

Which groups on the periodic table comprise the main-group (representative) elements?

Groups 1–2 and 13–18

Where are the transition metals located on the periodic table?

Groups 3 through 12 (central block)

Which elements are categorized as inner-transition metals?

Lanthanides and actinides

What are metalloids?

Elements straddling the metal/nonmetal staircase with properties between metals and nonmetals

How do metal atoms typically form ions?

They LOSE electrons to form cations, matching the nearest noble gas's electron count

How do nonmetal atoms typically form ions?

They GAIN electrons to form anions, matching the nearest noble gas's electron count

What is the typical ionic charge of a Group 1 metal ion?

$$1+$$

What is the typical ionic charge of a Group 2 metal ion?

$$2+$$

What is the fixed charge of an aluminum ion?

$3+$ ($\text{Al}^{3+}$)

What is the ionic charge of a halogen ion (Group 17)?

$$1-$$

What is the typical charge of a Group 16 nonmetal ion (e.g., $\text{O}$, $\text{S}$)?

$$2-$$

What is the charge of a nitride ion?

$3-$ ($\text{N}^{3-}$)

What is the charge of a zinc ion?

$2+$ ($\text{Zn}^{2+}$)

What is the charge of a silver ion?

$1+$ ($\text{Ag}^+$)

What is the charge of a cadmium ion?

$2+$ ($\text{Cd}^{2+}$)

Which set of metals NEVER requires a Roman numeral in their systematic compound names?

Group 1, Group 2, aluminum, silver, cadmium, and zinc

What are the chemical symbols and charges for iron(II) and iron(III) ions?

$\text{Fe}^{2+}$ and $\text{Fe}^{3+}$

What are the chemical formulas for copper(I) and copper(II) ions?

$\text{Cu}^+$ and $\text{Cu}^{2+}$

What are the chemical formulas for lead(II) and lead(IV) ions?

$\text{Pb}^{2+}$ and $\text{Pb}^{4+}$

What are the chemical formulas for tin(II) and tin(IV) ions?

$\text{Sn}^{2+}$ and $\text{Sn}^{4+}$

What are the chemical formulas for chromium(II) and chromium(III) ions?

$\text{Cr}^{2+}$ and $\text{Cr}^{3+}$

How is the mercury(I) ion represented chemically?

$\text{Hg}_2^{2+}$ as a diatomic ion

What are the common names "ferrous" and "ferric" used for?

$\text{Fe}^{2+}$ (iron(II)) and $\text{Fe}^{3+}$ (iron(III))

What do the common names "cuprous" and "cupric" refer to?

$\text{Cu}^+$ (copper(I)) and $\text{Cu}^{2+}$ (copper(II))

What do the common names "stannous" and "stannic" refer to?

$\text{Sn}^{2+}$ (tin(II)) and $\text{Sn}^{4+}$ (tin(IV))

What do the common names "chromous" and "chromic" refer to?

$\text{Cr}^{2+}$ (chromium(II)) and $\text{Cr}^{3+}$ (chromium(III))

How does a covalent bond form?

When atoms (usually nonmetals) SHARE electrons

What is the structural nature of an ionic compound?

A repeating array or lattice of oppositely charged ions with no individual molecules

Which group of 7 elements naturally exist as homonuclear diatomic molecules?

$\text{H}_2$, $\text{N}_2$, $\text{O}_2$, $\text{F}_2$, $\text{Cl}_2$, $\text{Br}_2$, $\text{I}_2$

Which elemental form exists naturally as a tetratomic molecule?

Phosphorus ($\text{P}_4$)

Which elements naturally exist as octatomic molecules?

$\text{S}_8$ and $\text{Se}_8$

What does an empirical formula represent?

The simplest whole-number ratio of atoms in a compound

What does a molecular formula represent?

The actual number of atoms of each element in one molecule

What does a structural formula show?

How the atoms in a molecule are connected to each other

How do you name a binary ionic compound?

Cation name (unchanged) + anion root + "-ide"

How do you name an ionic compound that contains a variable-charge metal?

Metal name + Roman numeral in parentheses (its charge) + anion name

How do you determine the Roman numeral needed for a variable-charge metal in a formula?

Use the known anion charge(s) to figure out what metal charge balances the compound to neutral

How do you name an ionic compound that contains a polyatomic ion?

Name the cation, then state the polyatomic ion's own name (without adding "-ide")

What is a hydrate?

A compound with water molecules weakly bound within its crystal structure

How is a hydrate's formula written?

With a centered dot before the water, e.g., $\text{CuSO}_4 \cdot 5\text{H}_2\text{O}$

How is a hydrate named systematically?

Anhydrous compound name + numerical prefix + "hydrate" (e.g., copper(II) sulfate pentahydrate)

How do you name a binary acid (a compound with no oxygen and $\text{H}$ listed first)?

"hydro-" + nonmetal root + "-ic acid" (e.g., $\text{HCl}$ = hydrochloric acid)