Exp. 9: Cigarette Smoking​ and ​ Air Pollution

Cigarette

is a small cylinder of finely cut tobacco leaves rolled in thin paper for smoking.

active, toxic, mutagenic and carcinogenic.

More than four thousand compounds are present in a cigarette smoke and are ______, _______, _________ and ___________.

Cigarette

___________ emits air pollutants 10 times greater than diesel exhaust and badly affects human health by inhaling directly or indirectly.

tar, nicotine, carbon monoxide and nitrogen oxide.

Out of these components (active, toxic, mutagenic and carcinogenic), 43 of it are known carcinogens but the most abundant ones are: ____ , ____, ____ ____ and ____ ____.

fine particulate matter

Environmental tobacco smoke produces _________________ , which is the most dangerous element of air pollution for health.

Air Pollution

is contamination of the indoor or outdoor environment by any chemical, physical or biological agent that modifies the natural characteristics of the atmosphere.

chemical, physical or biological

Agents of air pollution that modifies the natural characteristics of the atmosphere.

Air Pollution

is the contamination of air due to the presence of substances in the atmosphere that are harmful to the health of humans and other living beings, or cause damage to the climate or to materials.

origin, state of matter, presence of environment, chemical composition, sources

The classification of air pollution are based on ______.

Primary and secondary

Types of origin

gaseous or particulates

What are the states of matter in air pollution?

indoor or outdoor

Presence of environment types

organic or inorganic

Types of chemical composition

first or second way

Sources of air pollution

natural or manmade

Types of 1st way sources of air pollution

stationary or mobile

Types of 2nd way sources of air pollution

Primary air pollutants

____________ are those which are directly emitted from the source into the atmosphere and remains in same form in the atmosphere

Primary air pollutants

Emitted by manmade sources like: cigarette smoking, transportation, fuel combustion, solid waste disposal.

Secondary air pollutants

are those which are formed by the chemical reaction along primary pollutants and atmospheric chemical species like: ozone, sulfur trioxide, petroxyacyl nitrate, ketones, photochemical smog.

Photochemical smog

Produced when sunlight acts upon exhaust gases

sunny day and temperature inversion.

Photochemical smog requires a still _____ ______ and _________ _________.

4,000

There are more than _____ compounds present in a cigarette smoke.

Tar, nicotine, carbon monoxide, nicotine oxides, hydrogen cyanide and other ciliatoxic agents, metals, radioactive compounds.

The following major components of tobacco/cigarette smoke have been identified as most likely to cause disease:

Tar

- each particle is composed of a large variety of organic and inorganic chemicals consisting primarily of nitrogen, oxygen, hydrogen, carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide, and a wide range of volatile and semivolatile organic chemicals.

Tar

In its condensate form, _______ is the sticky brown substance which can stain smokers' fingers and teeth yellow brown. It also stains the lung tissue.

Nicotine

it is the most important acute-acting pharmacological agent it causes addiction among smokers.

Nicotine

is among the most toxic of all poisons and acts with great speed.

increased heart rate and blood pressure, constriction of cutaneous blood vessels, and muscular, hormonal and metabolic effects, causes coronary disease and reproductive and gastrointestinal disorders.

Nicotine's immediate physiological effects include: __________________________

30 to 60

Nicotine's average lethal dose for an adult human is estimated to be between _____ milligrams

Nicotine toxicity

Building up a tolerance to nicotine, the smoker may experience mild effects of ___________

polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and tobacco-specific nitrosamines.

The carcinogens or tumor initiators present in cigarette smoke are two major classes of tumor:

Nicotine chewing gum and nicotine patches

Other sources of nicotine: ______ and _______

Carbon monoxide

is an odourless, tasteless gas, giving no warning of its presence in most circumstances. It is formed when a cigarette is lit in large amounts it is rapidly fatal.

Carbon monoxide

is not a carcinogen, it may contribute to cancers and other diseases of the respiratory tract and mucus clearance mechanism instead of being cleared away, toxic substances contained in cigarette smoke remain in the airways, causing inflammation and damage, impairing lung function, and increasing the likelihood of lung disease.

impairment of oxygen transportation in the blood, development of coronary heart disease, short term effect on vision

What are some of carbon monoxide's toxic effects on the body?

hemoglobin

Carbon monoxide has a chemical affinity for __________ over 200 times greater than that of oxygen, it binds preferentially with the ________ and reducing the amount of oxygenated blood circulated to body organs and tissues.

nitrogen oxide

Cigarette smoke contains _________ in relatively high levels.

Nitrogen oxides

this gas is known to cause lung damage in experimental animals similar to that noted in smokers, and may be responsible for initiating lung damage leading to emphysema.

Hydrogen cyanide

___________ has a direct, deleterious effect on the cilia, part of the natural lung clearance mechanism in humans.

acrolein, ammonia, nitrogen dioxide and formaldehyde.

Other toxic agents in cigarette smoke which directly affect the cilia include _____________.

nickel, arsenic, cadmium, chromium and lead.

Thirty metals have been detected in tobacco smoke, including:

Arsenic and chromium

__________ and __________ compounds are causally associated with cancer in humans.

polonium-210 and potassium-40

The radioactive compounds found in highest concentration in cigarette smoke are: _______ and ___________.

first-hand smoke, second-hand smoke, third-hand smoke

affected by cig smoking;

First-hand smoke

Refers to the smoke inhaled by a smoker

Second-hand smoke

The exhaled smoke and other substances emanating from the burning cigarette that can get inhaled by others

Third-hand smoke

Smoke that gets left on the surfaces of objects, ages over time and becomes progressively more toxic.

Titration

process of chemical analysis in which the quantity of some constituent of a sample is determined by adding to the measured sample an exactly known quantity of another substance with which the desired constituent reacts in a definite, known proportion.

Indicators

A substance that indicates the degree of acidity or alkalinity of a solution through characteristic color changes due to the presence of pigment called anthocyanin.

Phenolphthalein and methyl orange

Indicators used during expirement

Colorless

Phenolphthalein + Acid Solution

Pink

Phenolphthalein + base solution

Faintest shade of pink with white background

Phenolphthalein + Neutral solution

Red

Methyl orange + acid solution

yellow

Methyl orange + base solution

orange

Methyl orange + Neutral solution