Exam 3 Bio

What are the Urinary System organs?

Kidneys, Ureters, bladder, & urethra.

Excretion

Removal of metabolic wastes from the body

Kidney plays a major role in what?

Homeostasis. Right amount of salt, water, and blood pH.

Functions of the urinary System

1)Eliminate metabolic waste

2) Kidney maintain water-salt balance

3) Kidneys maintain blood pH between 7.35-7.45

4) Kidney Secrets hormones

5) Kidney play an important role in Vitamin D activation

Urea

waste product of amino acid metabolism

Uric Acid

Produced by the break donw of purities (DNA & RNA)

Gout

Type of inflammatory arthritis that commonly affects the elderly population.

Alsdorsterone

Hormone that rhe kidney secretes. Regulates sodium balance, potassium balanfe, and blood pressure.

Antidiotectic Hormone

Produced by the kidney. Regulates water balance.

Erythropoitein

Stimulates RBC production when blood-oxygen is low.

Active Vitamin D

Essential for maintaining calcium & phosphorus balance in the body.

Kidney

Form urine (mix of water and solute)

Ureters

Transport urine from the kidneys to the bladder.

Urinary Bladder

Stores urine

Urethra

Transports urine from the urinary bladder to outside the body.

Three prominent regions of the kidney

Renal Cortext - Outer

Renal Medulla - Inner

Renal Pelvis - central cavity thay is continuous with the ureters

Nephrons

Microscopic functional unit of the kidney thay produce urine

Glomerulae Capsule/Bowman's capsule

Surrounds glomerular capillaries. Filtration of the blood takes place here.

Renal Tube

Site of reabsorption and secreation

Nephron Tubule consists of 3 sections.

1) Proximal convoluted tube

2)Loop of nephron/henle

3)Distal convoluted tube

All apart of renal tube

Collecting Duct/Tubule

Carries urine to the renal pelvis

Step 1 of urine formation

Glomerular filtration takes places in the bowman’s capsule. Water & other small molecules such as glucose, fatty acids, creatine, uric acid, and more filter from the blood capillaries, called the glomerulus, to the glomerular capsule.

Step 2 of urine formation

Tubular absorption. It removes useful materials from the filtrate as it passes through the tubule. Blood capillaries reabsorbs water, essential ions, and glucose.

Step 3 of urine formation

Tubular secretion. Nitrogenous wastes, drugs, creatine, & excess ions are removed from the blood capillaries & enter the nephron tube.

Aldosterone

Comes from the adrenal glands. Increases reabsorption of sodium and water

Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)

Increases absorption of water. Alchohol inhibits ADH secretion, therefore increasing urination.

What happens when the bladder is full?

The detrusor muscle contracts, squeezing the bladder and forcing urine into the urethra.

What cell lines the urinary bladder?

Transitional epithelium.

Urinary Incontinence

Normal for infants and toddlers. Lack of voluntary control over urination.

Kidney Stones

Hard granules formed in the renal pelvis due to UTI’s, enlarged prostates, pH imbalance, or the intake of too much calcium.

Urinary Tract Infection (UTI)

Can be caused by the presence of microorganisms in organs in the urinary system. More common in women due to shorter urethra.

Hemodialysis

Using artificial devices to cleanse the blood.

Kidney Transplant

Placing a healthy kidney into the body to replace a nonfunctioning one.

Sperm

Male gamates. Small and motile and only contributes the male's haploid nucleus to the zygote.

Egg.

Female gamete. Large and non-motile. Contributes organelles and cytoplasm to the zygote.

What happens when sperm fertilizes an egg?

Zygote is created.

When does sexual differentiation begin for a baby?

6-7 weeks during gestation.

Intersex

General/umbrella term used for a variety of conditions in which a person is born with reproductive or sexual anatomy that doesnt seem to fit the typical definition of male and female.

Mosaic Genetics

Where some cells in 1 body have XX while different cells in the same body have XY.

Puberty

Period of becoming first capable of sexually reproducing

Testoserone

Male hormone

Estrogen and progesterone

female hormones

The age of which people are hitting puberty has what?

Decreased

What weight do females need to hit in order to go start puberty?

47KG or 106LBs

Overt Menstruation

Visible menstruation. Characterized by the loss of endometrium (visual bleeding). Seen in human, primates, bats, snd even some rodents.

Covert Menstruation

The endometrium is completely reabsorbed at the end of it's reproductive cycle in humans. Non-visable.

Scrotum

A pouch/sack of skin that houses the testis and the muscles. It alsp regulates temperature to ensure optimal sperm production.

Testis

Male gonna. Contains seminiferous tubules that produce sperm

Interstitial Cells

Produce testoserone

Seminiferous tubules

coiled tubules found within the testies site where sperm is produced

Spermatogensis

Production/development of naploid spermatozoa

Epididymis

Coiled tube where sperm magure and are stored prior to ejaculation

Vas Determens

A msucular tube that transports sperm from the epididymus → ejactulatory ducts → urethra.

Urethra

Tube that carries urine from the bladder & semen during ejaculation

Penis

Primary external sexual organ of the male

Semen

Fluid secreted by 3 glands that nourish and protect the sperm

Seminal vesicle

Fluid is rich in fructose which provides an energy source for the sperm.

Prostate Gland

Secretes a milky secretion thay helps nourish & protect the spern during ejaculation.

Bulbarethral Gland

Secretiin helps to lubricate the urethra for spermatozoa & lubricate glans penis. Neutralizes trace amounts of acidic urine in the urethra.

Erection

Sexual stimulation triggers autonomic means to release nitric oxide. cGMP is produced; smooth muscle of arsenal walls relax, increasing blood flow into erectile tissue resulting in an erection

Structure of a sperm

Head- Contains the nucleus of spern cell (23 chromosomes)

Acrosone- Cap-like structure covering the tip of the head, containing enzymes that help the sperm penetrate the eggs outer layer.

Midpiece- Conrains numerous mitochondria which provide the energy needed for the sperm motility.

Sperm tail- Also called the flagellum, is to provide motility, allowing the sperm to swim & propel itself towards the egg for fertilization.

Follicle stimulating hotmone

Initiates sperm production within the testis.

Luteninizing Hormone

Inducing interstitial cells (within the testis) to produce testoserone.

Female sex hormones

estrogen, progesterone, follicle stimulating hormone, & lutinizing hormone.

Ovaries

Produces & release eggs & hromones during the menstrual cycle .

Ovulation

The release of an egg from the ovary.

Oviducys/uterine tubes/fallopian ducts

Fertilization takes place here.

Uterus

The womb. A muscular organ in which a fertilized egg implants & matures through pregnancy. During menstruation, the innermost lining of the uterus (endometrium) is shed.

Cervix

The lower portion of the uterus between the uterus and the vagina.

Vagina

Recieves the penis during sexual intercourse. Serves as birth canal & an exit for menstrual flow.

What do each ovarian follical contain?

Each contains an immature egg

Corpus luteum

Secretes progesterone hormones that maintains the lining of the uterus for implantation of an embryo should the egg be fertilized.

Follicle stimulating hotmone

Stimulates growth and maturation of the ovarian follicles, which contain the egg/ovum.

Luteinizing hormone (LH)

Induces ovulation, which is the release of the egg/ovum