micro

How is measles transmitted?

Airborne transmission; virus can remain in the air for up to 2 hours

What precautions are required for measles?

Standard + Airborne; isolation room and N95 respirator

What are the classic signs of measles?

Fever; cough; coryza; conjunctivitis; Koplik spots; rash spreading downward

How is rubella transmitted?

Respiratory droplets and transplacental transmission

What precautions are required for rubella?

Standard + Droplet through 7 days after rash onset

Why is rubella dangerous during pregnancy?

Can cause miscarriage or congenital rubella syndrome; hearing loss; cataracts; heart defects

How is chickenpox transmitted?

Airborne particles and direct contact with blister fluid

What precautions are required for chickenpox?

Standard + Airborne + Contact until lesions crust

What causes shingles?

Reactivation of latent varicella-zoster virus

What precautions are used for disseminated shingles?

Standard + Airborne + Contact

How is mpox transmitted?

Close physical contact with lesions; contaminated materials; prolonged close respiratory exposure

What precautions are required for mpox?

Single-patient room; gown; gloves; eye protection; N95 respirator

How is influenza transmitted?

Respiratory droplets and smaller infectious particles

What precautions are required for influenza?

Standard + Droplet

What are nursing priorities for influenza?

Monitor respiratory status; supportive care; assess antiviral eligibility

How is COVID-19 transmitted?

Infectious respiratory particles from breathing; talking; coughing; sneezing

What PPE is recommended for COVID-19?

N95 respirator; eye protection; gown; gloves

How is RSV transmitted?

Respiratory droplets; direct contact; contaminated surfaces

Who is at greatest risk for severe RSV?

Infants; older adults; immunocompromised patients

How is Epstein-Barr virus transmitted? (Mono)(

Saliva; kissing; sharing saliva-contaminated items

What are common symptoms of mononucleosis?

Fever; sore throat; swollen lymph nodes; fatigue; possible splenomegaly

How is mumps transmitted?

Respiratory droplets and saliva

What are characteristic findings of mumps?

Painful parotid swelling; fever; headache; Droplet Precautions

How is norovirus transmitted?

Fecal-oral route; contaminated food; water; hands; surfaces; vomit

What precautions are important for norovirus?

Standard + Contact; soap-and-water handwashing; surface disinfection

How is hepatitis A transmitted?

Fecal-oral route through contaminated food; water; close contact

How are hepatitis B and C transmitted?

HBV: blood; sexual contact; perinatal. HCV: primarily blood

Which hepatitis viruses have vaccines?

Hepatitis A and B; hepatitis B vaccine also prevents hepatitis D

How are HSV-1 and HSV-2 transmitted?

Direct contact with infected skin; mucosa; secretions; including sexual contact

How is HPV transmitted?

Intimate skin-to-skin contact; usually sexual contact

How is HIV transmitted?

Blood; semen; vaginal or rectal fluids; breast milk

How is dengue transmitted?

Bites from infected Aedes mosquitoes

How is rabies transmitted?

Infected animal bites or saliva entering broken skin or mucous membranes