AP Bio Ch. 8,9, and 10

Explain what happens in catabolic pathways.

Catabolic pathways releases energy by breaking down complex molecules into simpler compounds

Explain what happens in anabolic pathways?

Anabolic pathways consumes energy to build complex molecules from simpler ones

What is chemical energy?

chemical energy is potential energy available in a chemical reaction

Why is it important that humans are open systems?

It is important that humans are open systems because energy and matter can be transferred between the system and its surroundings

What is the first law of thermodynamics?

Energy can be transformed but it cannot be created or destroyed

What is the second law of thermodynamics?

Every energy transfer or transformation increases the entropy (disorder) of the universe

Explain what occurs in spontaneous processes.

Spontaneous processes occur without energy input; they can happen quickly or slowly but for a process to occur without energy input, it must increase the entropy of the universe

What is free energy?

the portion of a systems internal energy that is available to perform useful work rather than lost as heat

what should the change of free energy be for the reaction to be spontaneous?

The change of free energy is negative (delta G<0) for the reaction to be spontaneous

What is an exergonic reaction?

An exergonic reaction proceeds with a net r

What is an endergonic reaction?

An endergonic reaction absorbs free energy from its surrounding and is non spontaneous

What are the three types of cell work does the cell perform?

The cell does chemical work (hydrolysis and dehydration synthesis), transport work (active transport), and mechanical work (cilia beating, muscle cell contraction, and chromosome movement)

What is energy coupling and how do cells use it?

Energy coupling is the process of transferring energy from one reaction to another. To do work, cells manage energy resources by energy coupling, the use of an exergonic process to drive an endergonic reaction

What type of reaction is ATP hydrolysis (Ender/Exer) and why?

ATP hydrolysis is an Exergonic reaction because the reaction releases energy by breaking down

What are the three main components of an ATP molecule?

ATP is composed of ribose (a sugar), adenine (a nitrogenous base), and three phosphate groups

What does it mean for a molecule to be phosphorylated?

a phosphorylated molecule forms when a phosphate group is transferred from ATP to another molecule

Describe the process of ATP hydrolysis and regeneration

• Hydrolysis: The bonds between the phosphate groups of ATP’s tail can be broken by hydrolysis. Energy is released from ATP when the terminal phosphate bond is broken

• Regeneration: ATP is a renewable resource that is regenerated by addition of a phosphate group to adenosine diphosphate (ADP). The energy to phosphorylate ADP comes from catabolic reactions in the cell

List the components of ATP.

ATP is composed of ribose (a sugar), adenine (a nitrogenous base) and three phosphate groups

What is an enzyme?

An enzyme is a catalytic protein

How does an enzyme speed up a reaction?

An enzyme speeds up a reaction by lowering the activation energy of the reaction

What is an enzyme’s substrate?

An enzyme’s substrate is the reactant that an enzyme acts on

What is an enzyme substrate complex?

When the enzyme binds to its substrate

What is an active site?

An active site is the region on the enzyme where the substrate binds

Describe what “Induced fit” means and how it works.

Induced fit of a substance brings chemical groups of the active site into positions that enhance their ability to catalyze the reactions/lowers the activaition energy

• Orienting substrates correctly

• Straining substrate bonds (distorting it to make it more easier to break)

• providing a favorable microenvironment (polar/nonpolar, acidic/basic)

• covalently bonding to the substrate (temporarily if benefits)

What are cofactors?

Cofactors, also called coenzymes are nonprotein enzyme helpers that makes it easier for substrate to interact with enzymes (vitamins)

What is a competitive inhibitor?

Competitive inhibitors bind to the active site of an enzyme, competing with the substrate

What is a noncompetitive inhibitor?

Noncompetitive inhibitors binds to another part of an enzymes, causing the enzyme to change shape and makin the active site less effective
-Examples: toxins, poison

What is allosteric regulation?

Regulation of enzyme activity to help control metabolism (may wither inhibit or stimulate an enzyme’s activity). It occurs when a regulatory molecule binds to a protein at one site and affect the protein’s function at another site.

Describe the summarized equation of cellular respiration

C₆H₁₂O₆+6O₂→6CO₂+6H₂O+Energy(ATP and heat)

What are redox reactions and explain the difference between oxidation and reduction?

Redox reactions are chemical reactions that transfer electrons between reactants. In oxidation, a substance loses electrons while in reduction, a substance grains electrons

What is NAD⁺ and how is it used in energy harvest

NAD⁺ are coenzymes