Com101 prelim week 2 - 5

Language

• is a system consists of phonology, morphology, syntax, and lexicon

• both written and spoken, is the primary means of communication for humans.

• can be acquired and learned. It is acquired through a person’s environment, while language learning may occur formally (in educational institutions) or informally (self-learning)

communication

• is derived from the Latin word “communicare” meaning “share with” or “to make common”. Therefore, it can be defined as “a common understanding of something”

• systematic and continuous process of telling, listening and understanding.

• It is transactional process

Communication as a process

• Communication is considered as a continuous, dynamic, and evolving activity.

• Communication does not start and stop with each conversation. Therefore, how a previous conversation ended will influence how the next conversation will begin.

Communication as a system

• Communication is made up of interrelated parts that affect one another during the process.

• Communication is also affected by the larger system within which it operates – i.e., culture, religion, ethnicity, nationality, socio-economic status, age, sex, political affiliations, and the like.

Communication is symbolic.

• A symbol is a tangible representation of something abstract.

• People rely on symbols when they communicate. Thus, communication is symbolic since it involves interaction with and through symbols.

• It is important to take note that a person’s symbolic construction can have a different meaning for another person.

Communication involves construction of meanings.

• When people communicate, they attach meanings to the symbols they use with the intent that the receiver of the message share the same meanings as intended.

• However, in reality, not all meanings are effectively communicated. This is because the message is open to different interpretations.

Content Level

Relationship level

Two Levels of Meaning

Content Level

It refer to the literal or denotative meaning of the message.

Relationship Level

It expresses the relationship between communicators. It is the connotative meaning of the message.

Verbal Communication
Non-Verbal Communication
Visual Communication

TYPES OF COMMUNICATION

According to Mode

Intrapersonal Communication
Interpersonal Communication
Extended Communication
Organizational Communication
Intercultural Communication

TYPES OF COMMUNICATION

According to Context

Formal Communication
Informal Communication

TYPES OF COMMUNICATION

According to Purpose and Style

Verbal Communication

Uses language, both spoken and written, in communication

Non-Verbal Communication

Does not use language but other modes in communication, i.e., body language, facial expressions, sign language, etc.

Visual Communication

Uses images to transfer messages and/or information (symbols, signs, charts, diagrams, maps, graphs, imagery, photos, pictograms, illustrations/drawings)

Intrapersonal Communication

Communication within oneself

Interpersonal Communication

Communication between one person to another

Extended Communication

Use of electronic media

Organizational Communication

The role of that communication plays in organizational contexts

Intercultural Communication

Communication between or among people of different cultural backgrounds

Formal Communication

Uses formal language

Informal Communication

Uses personal, casual, and spontaneous language

Sender → Message → Encoding/Noise → Media > Decoding → Receiver, with Feedback flowing back from Receiver to Sender.

ELEMENTS OF COMMUNICATION

Context

refers to the environment where the interaction takes place. It can be in the form of physical, psychological, and cultural.

Sender (or encoder)

is the source and encoder of the message, and the initiator of the communication process.

Message

is the information, ideas, feelings, opinion, thought, attitude, and view the sender wants to deliver to the receiver.

Channel (or medium)

is the means or tool to transmit the message.

Noise

is the barrier that affects the message from being sent, received, or understood.

Receiver (or decoder)

is the audience of the communication process who decodes the message.

Feedback

refers to the response of the receiver to the message received.

Aristotle’s Communication Model

Speaker → Speech → (Occasion) → Audience → Effect

Lasswell’s Communication Model

WHO (Communicator) → SAYS WHAT (Message) → IN WHICH CHANNEL (Medium) → TO WHOM (Receiver) → WITH WHAT EFFECT? (Effect)

Berlo’s Communication Model

Source (Encodes) → Message → Channel (Decodes) → Receiver

Source and Receiver each involve: Communication Skills, Attitudes, Knowledge, Social System, Culture.

Message involves: Content, Elements, Treatment, Structure, Code.

Channel involves: Hearing, Seeing, Touching, Smelling, Tasting.

Shannon-Weaver’s Communication Model

Information source/Sender → Transmitter/Encoder → Channel (with Noise) → Decoder/Reception > Receiver/Destination, with Feedback looping back

Schramm’s Interactive Model

Encoder/Interpreter/Decoder → Message → Decoder/Interpreter/Encoder → Message → (back to first) — a circular, interactive exchange between two communicators.

Wood’s Communication Model

Communicator A (with Field of Experience and Contexts) and Communicator B (with Field of Experience and Contexts) engage in Symbolic Interactions over Time, within a Shared Field of Experience.

Communication is transactional.

Communication has a give-and-take nature.

It is a two-way process which involves an exchange, thus, when a message is sent a response is expected.

Communication is inevitable.

It is impossible not communicate because it is an indispensable part of people’s daily lives. They have the innate desire to express themselves and connect with others.

Communication is irreversible.

Communication is a process of exchanging messages between individuals or groups through various channels. Once a message is communicated, it cannot be taken back, and it becomes a part of the receiver's experience.

Communication is goal-oriented.

• Communication involves the exchange of information, ideas, and messages between individuals or groups, with the intention of achieving a specific goal or objective.

• The ultimate goal of communication is to gain understanding of each other.

Communication is complex.

• Communication is more than just sending messages. It is a complex process that entails different processes, which can occur simultaneously.

• It is important to recognize that communication is interactive, context-based, culturally loaded, circular, and irreversible.

Globalization

refers to the growth of economic, political, and cultural assimilation and interconnectedness of different culture which result in the integration of people across the globe

Cultural Exchange

Greater Tolerance
Increased Flow of Information
Learning of Different Languages
Technological Innovation
Social Movement

Role of Media in the Globalization Process

Cultural Exchange.

Globalization has made it possible for people from different parts of the world to connect through media, which has led to a more globalized culture. This exchange has led to greater cultural understanding and appreciation, and a more tolerant and accepting world.

Greater Tolerance.

Media has played a critical role in promoting diversity and acceptance of different cultures, religions, and ways of life. Through media, people have been exposed to different perspectives and lifestyles, leading to a more tolerant and accepting world.

Increased Flow of Information.

The internet and social media have revolutionized the way people share and access information globally. Today, people can access information from anywhere in the world at any time, leading to a more informed and connected world.

Learning of Different Languages.

With the rise of globalization, learning a foreign language has become a necessity. Media has made it possible for people to learn foreign languages through music, movies, television shows, and online language courses.

Technological Innovation.

Media has been a driving force behind the development of new technologies, including the internet, smartphones, and social media platforms. These technologies have transformed the way people communicate, access information, and do business, leading to a more interconnected and integrated world.

Social Movement.

Globalization allow people from different countries to interact and form groups based on similar concerns or interests. This creates a greater possibility of diffusion and generation of concrete changes.

STANDARDIZATION OF COMMUNICATION
INCREASED CONNECTIVITY
CULTURAL EXCHANGE
NEW CHALLENGES

Impact of Globalization to Communication

glocalization

was introduced by Roland Robertson, a British sociologist who used it to describe the interaction between global and local cultures.

- is a process of embracing both universal and local values, and places these in a familiar context. It preserves the local and at the same time makes globalization less abstract, more tangible, and beneficial to a large number of people.

Virtual communication

refers to the exchange of information and ideas using technology-mediated channels, such as email, instant messaging, video conferencing, social media, and other forms of digital communication.

It allows people to communicate and collaborate with others who are geographically distant or physically separated.

Impact of Virtual Communication

• It allows people to connect with each other quickly and easily, regardless of their location.

• It can be a poor medium for conveying meaning, leading to misinterpretation, misunderstandings, and ambiguity.

• Anonymity in the Internet can lead to unrestricted possibilities of manipulating one's identity, leading to cyberbullying, trolling, and other online harassment.

• It introduced a new system of conventional signs expressing emotions by text formatting, the use of emoticons.

Ways to Enhance Communication in the New Normal

• Give people space since everybody is more stressed than usual and tension is generally higher.

• Be intentionally empathetic by putting yourself in another’s position.

• Ask questions to know what someone is going through.

• Be forgiving since people are likely to make more mistakes and fail more often.

• Build relationships.

Intercultural competence

refers to the ability to effectively communicate and interact with people from different cultural backgrounds. It involves understanding and respecting cultural differences and being able to adapt one's behavior and communication style to effectively navigate cross-cultural interactions.

• Ability to express understandable and culturally sensitive thoughts, feelings, opinions, and expectations

• Ability to engage and immerse in the local culture and language • Ability to establish shared meanings with the local people to avoid stereotyping and miscommunication

• Ability to develop a language capacity such as using local greetings and opportunities to use the local language in other contexts

• Ability to empathize with how the locals see the world

core skills of an effective intercultural communicator

Ethnocentrism
Stereotypes
Prejudices
Assumption of Similarity
Intercultural Communication Anxiety

Barriers to Effective Intercultural Communication

Ethnocentrism.

It is the belief that a person’s culture is more dominant than the others.

Stereotypes.

It refers to assigning generalized negative traits to a group of people (e.g., race, nationality, religion, social class, sexual orientation, age, gender) even if these may only reflect a selected few of the group.

Prejudices.

These are unfair thoughts, beliefs, or feelings of dislike for a person or group because of race, nationality, religion, gender, age, and the like.

Assumption of Similarity.

It is a baseless, unreasonable refusal to see cultural differences where they exist.

Intercultural Communication Anxiety.

It refers to the fear associated with either real or anticipated communication with people from another cultural group.

Culture

refers to the shared beliefs, values, customs, behaviors, and artifacts that characterize a group or society. It includes the way people live, communicate, interact, and understand the world around them.

Cultures are learned, not innate.

People learn culture through socialization, education, and exposure to various cultural practices and beliefs.

Cultures are shared.

Culture exists within a group or society and is shared among its members, which provides a sense of belonging and identity to individuals within the group.

Cultures are multifaceted.

Culture is a complex system of beliefs and practices that reflect the diversity of human experience.

Cultures are dynamic.

Culture is dynamic and constantly evolving. It is shaped by various factors such as globalization, migration, technological advancements, and interactions with other cultures.

Cultures identities are overlapping.

People may identify with multiple cultural groups and may have different cultural identities depending on the context.

Cultural sensitivity

refers to the awareness, knowledge, and appreciation of different cultural practices, beliefs, and values. It involves recognizing and respecting cultural differences and understanding how they affect people's behaviors, attitudes, and experiences.

Denial

People deny that cultural differences exist and assume that everyone shares the same values and beliefs.

Defense

People recognize that cultural differences exist but view them negatively. They may feel threatened by people from different cultures and may view their own culture as superior.

Minimization

People recognize cultural differences but minimize its significance. They may believe that everyone is essentially the same, and cultural differences are not important.

Acceptance

People recognize and value cultural differences. They understand that people from different cultures have different beliefs, values, and behaviors, and they accept and respect these differences.

Adaptation

People actively seek out opportunities to learn about and interact with people from different cultures. They adapt their behavior and communication style to better fit in with people from different cultural backgrounds.

Integration

People fully integrate cultural differences into their worldview and identity. They can interact effectively with people from different cultural backgrounds and respect and value diversity.

Gender sensitivity

aims to understand and take into account the societal and cultural factors involved in gender-based exclusion and discrimination in the most diverse spheres of public and private life.

Gender-Neutral Language

• Use articles or determiners instead of third-person pronouns. • Use plural pronouns instead of singular pronouns.

• Use either/or pronouns.

• Use second person pronouns instead of third-person pronouns.

• Use appropriate titles.

Political correctness

is used to describe language, policies, or measures that are intended to avoid offense or disadvantage to members of particular groups in society.