Communiaton Nursing Fundamentals Exam 1

Shannon-Weaver Model

Communication is a one way or linear process in which a message travels from the sender to the receiver through a channel. Noise can interfere with the message.

Memory hook: one way communication with interference

Shannon sends (sends communication to a receiver

Schramm Model

Main idea: Communication is a two-way, interactive process in which the sender and receiver exchange messages and provide feedback

Memory hook: two-way=back and forth

Schramm shares (shares communication and feedback)

Schramm Model

Main idea: Communication is a two-way, interactive process in which the sender and receiver exchange messages and provide feedback

Memory hook: two-way=back and forth

Schramm shares (shares communication and feedback)

S-M-C-R Model (Berlo)

Main idea: communication consists of four major components: sender, message, channel and receiver

Memory hook: 4 parts

Send My Communication to Receiver or Send Message Channel Receiver(which is 4)

Verbal Communication

Definition: communication using spoken or written words.

Important characteristics:

Includes the words & info being expressed.

Nursing application: nurse explains medicine instruction to a patient

Memory hook:

Spoken to written words to share info

Verbal- words= verbal

Definition: Communication through body language and physical expressions.

Important characteristics:Includes facial expressions, gestures, posture, and eye contact.

Nursing application: A nurse smiles, maintains appropriate eye

contact, and uses a comforting gesture.

Memory hook: body language, NOnverbal=NO words

Auditory Communication

Definition: Communication involving what the Receiver hears.

Important Characteristics: Includes speed, tone, and volume of voice. Can be affected by noise and hearing difficulties.

Nursing Application: A nurse speaks clearly and adjusts their voice when explaining instructions.

Memory Hook: communication through what someone hears. AUDITORY=AUDIO. Audio=hearing

Emotional Communication

Definition: Communication influenced by the speaker's emotional state.

Important Characteristics: Attitude and emotions affect how the message is received.

Nursing application: A nurse communicates calmly and empathetically with an anxious patient.

Memory hook: communication affects emotions. EMOTIONAL=EMOTIONS

Energetic Communication

Definition: How a person projects themselves and their overall presence when communicating.

Important Characteristics: Involves projecting a caring, compassionate, and positive attitude.

Nursing application: A nurse demonstrates warmth, compassion, and empathy toward a patient's family.

Memory hook:

ENERGETIC=ENERGY tink the energy you are giving off

Verbal (Modes of communication)

Spoke using words.

Ex: face to face, phone call

Important reminder: speak clearly and use simple words

Nonverbal (Modes of communication)

communication through body language.

Eye contact, facial expressions

Body language should match spoken words

Electronic (Modes of communication)

Communicate via technology

Email, text, call etc

Important to protect patient privacy and confidentiality

Written (Modes of communication)

Communicate through written words

Letters, documents emails

Important reminders to consider literacy, language differences and visual impairments

Passive (Communication styles)

Doesn’t express feelings, opinions or boundaries.

Avoids conflict, lacks confidence, afraid to speak up

Nursing example: new nurse stays silent even when disagreeing with drs decision

Assertive (Communication Style)

Expresses thoughts and feelings clearly

Confident, direct, respectful

Nursing example: a nurse says “i am concerned about the patients condition”

Aggressive (Communication styles)

Express feelings in hostile or disrespectful way

Interrupts others, controlling, verbally or physically abusive.

Nursing example: nurse shouts at a coworker and refuses to listen

Passive aggressive (Communication styles)

Expresses anger indirectly or secretly

Subtle anger, indirect actions, lack of cooperation

Nursing example: Nurse silently ignores an assigned task because they’re upset

5 Factors that affect communication

1. Psychosocial factors

Eg: anxiety, fear, workload

2. Physiological factors

Eg: pain, hearing loss, vision problems

3. Developmental and cognitive factors

Eg dementia, autism, down syndrome

4. Situational and environmental factors

Eg : loud noise, dim light/bright light

5. Cultural and demographic factors

Eg:language

5 ways to overcome barriers

•Language differences: Use a qualified medical interpreter.

•Cultural differences: Develop cultural competence and be respectful and

compassionate.

•Hearing impairments: Ask how the client prefers to communicate, get the

client’s attention before speaking, and face the client when speaking.•Cognitive and developmental impairments: Use simple words, avoid

medical terms, and speak clearly at a slower pace.

•Environmental factors: Provide a well-lit, comfortable environment and

limit distractions.

Therapeutic Communication

Therapeutic communication is an important skill in nursing. In this form of communication, nurses use listening skills, empathy, and a desire to build a professional relationship with the client to provide holistic and patient-centered care.

Through therapeutic communications nurse develops a therapeutic relationship

4 Phases of developing the nurse-client relationship

1. Orientation Phase

The orientation phase is the initial phase in which the client reaches out to the nurse or other health care provider for help.

• 2. Identification Phase

Identification occurs when the two establish a mutually respectful relationship.

• 3. Exploitation Phase

Exploitation is the active phase when the nurse educates the client to change the situation or behavior.

• 4. Resolution/Termination Phase

Resolution or termination is when the client has had the issue resolved and the relationship between the nurse and client is terminated until the next event.

Therapeutic Communication Techniques

Examples of therapeutic communication techniques include using silence, engaging in active listening, asking open-ended questions, accepting, giving recognition, restating, summarizing, and reflecting.

Motivational Interviewing

MI is a form of therapeutic communication that allows the nurse and client to develop plans to promote the client’s health by using several techniques, known by the mnemonic OARS: open-ended questions, affirmations, reflective listening, and summarizing.

Nurses can use MI to inspire clients to make positive changes in behavior and health status.

Memory hook:

Help patients find motivation to make positive health changes.

MI=Motivation to Improve

Group vs. Individual communication

Individual communication is often best for new diagnoses or personalized care needs.

Group communication can provide ongoing education, support, and shared

experiences.

Nurses must assess client needs to select the most effective communication method.

Non therapeutic Communication

Nontherapeutic communication achieves the opposite of therapeutic communication.

Examples include not listening or rejecting what the client is saying, being critical, trying to reassure the client by dismissing concerns, and giving advice