PCQs for Exam 2

What are the anatomic differences between the CNS and PNS?

The difference between the CNS (Central Nervous System) and PNS (Peripheral Nervous System) is that the CNS is composed of the brain & spinal cord while the PNS consists of cordlike nerves that link the CNS with the rest of the body (outside the brain & the spinal cord).

Identify the following if it is being controlled by the autonomic or the somatic nervous system:

• Conscious movement of the forelimb

Somatic

Identify the following if it is being controlled by the autonomic or the somatic nervous system:

• slowing of the heartrate in response to an increased blood pressure

Autonomic

Identify the following if it is being controlled by the autonomic or the somatic nervous system:

• Constriction of blood vessels in the skin in response to an increased blood pressure

Autonomic

Identify the following if it is being controlled by the autonomic or the somatic nervous system:

• Pulling your hand away after touching a hot stove

Somatic

Identify the following if it is being controlled by the autonomic or the somatic nervous system:

• Pupils shrink in response to a bright light shone into the eye

Autonomic

What are catecholamines?

The group of neurotransmitters that includes norepinephrine, epinephrine, dopamine, and others with similar chemical properties that act on the sympathetic nervous system (fight or flight response).

What is the result of a normal pupillary light reflux (PLR)?

The result of having a normal pupillary light reflex would mean they don’t have a visual issue in the retina, optic nerve, or the motor nerve. In order for it to be normal, the pupil on both eyes have to constrict (making it smaller).

Which one of the following senses is a special sense?

Smell

The pain-experiencing sense is also known as the _____ sense

Nociception

The only place in an animal’s body where there are no pain receptors is (are) the

Brain

Modulation of sensory nerve impulses occurs in the

Spinal cord

The heart is in the thoracic cavity in the space between the two lungs. This space is called the

Mediastinum

Which statement about blood flow through the mammalian heart are correct? Select ALL that apply:

A) The pulmonary artery carries deoxygenated blood away from the right ventricle

B) The pulmonary veins carry oxygenated blood into the left atrium

C) The tricuspid valve prevents backflow into the left atrium during ventricular contraction

D) The aortic valve presents backflow from the aorta into the left ventricle

E) The right ventricle pumps blood directly into the aorta

F) The mitral valve is located between the left atrium and left ventricle

G) The vena cava brings deoxygenated blood from the systemic circulation (but not the pulmonary circulation) to the heart

A, B, D, F, G

The type of blood vessel that usually carries oxygenated blood away from the heart is a/n

Artery

Blood pressure is a frequently obtained vital parameter collected and recorded by veterinary technical staff.

True or False

True

What is blood pressure?

It is the measurement of the amount of pressure flowing blood exerts on the arterial walls

What is one method that blood pressure can be obtained/measured from a patient?

Ocillometric method. Used commonly in a doctor office and is used by putting a cuff over the arm and is inflated until blood flow either stops or nearly stops

What is systolic blood pressure?

It is the highest number when measuring the blood pressure. It is produced by ejections of blood from the left ventricle into the systemic circulation by way of the aorta

What is diastolic blood pressure?

It is the lowest number of blood pressure measurement. Measures the pressure remaining in the artery during left ventricular diastole when the ventricle is relaxing and refilling with blood

What is mean arterial pressure?

It is the average pressure during one cardiac cycle; used when monitoring an anesthetized animal in indication of tissue perfusion

Respiration is

The process of bringing oxygen into the body and carrying carbon dioxide out of the body

Describe one of the ways the respiratory system functions in body temperature regulation

Under hot environmental conditions, the respiratory movements of panting cause increased evaporation of fluid from the lining of the respiratory passage and mouth, which helps cool the blood circulating just beneath the epithelium

The lower the pH, the more ____ the environment

Acidic

The respiratory system influences amount of CO2 in blood by the rate of breathing. The more CO2, the ____ the blood pH, because CO2 dissolves in the plasma to form carbonic acid

Lower

Cali, a spayed female, 4-month-old grey tabby cat, presents to the veterinary clinic where you work. She was just adopted from Care Humane in Auburn. She came in today for sneezing and nasal discharge. On exam, she has a temp of 104.1, has tacky, pink mucous membranes with a normal capillary refill time (CRT). The rest of the exam is normal/

Does Cali have an upper or lower respiratory tract infection?

Upper

The oropharynx is considered a part of which body system?

Digestive

The larynx is supported by what bone/collection of bones? Hint: these bones are not connected to any other bone in the body

It is supported by the hyoid bone

Blood entering the pulmonary circulation from the heart is

Deoxygenated

What skeletal muscle divides the body into separate thoracic and abdominal cavities?

The diaphragm

What is tidal volume?

It is the volume of air breathed in and out in one breath. Varies according to the body’s needs; it is lowest at rest and higher during physical activity

An example of a hindgut fermenter is a

Horse

Humans, dogs, pigs, and bears are all considered ____ because they eat both plant material and meat as part of their normal diet

omnivore

Describe what a microbiome is. Include why this anatomical feature is important and what is consists of

Microbiome is the community of microorganisms that consists of bacteria, fungi, archaea, protozoa, and viruses. It affects a broad range of physiologic processes, including metabolism, epithelial health of the GI tract, and the development of the immune system and neurobehaviors. In health, the microbiome contributes to normal synthesis of vitamins and other nutrients; regulates immune function; maintains energy balance; prevents colonization of pathogenic organisms; strengthens the tight junctions, which helps to maintain the epithelial barrier; regulates GI motility; and influences the production of energy and anti-inflammatory compounds.

Correctly match each species with how many chambers their stomach consists of:

Cows

Four chambers (complex stomach)

Correctly match each species with how many chambers their stomach consists of:

Sheep

Four chambers (complex stomach)

Correctly match each species with how many chambers their stomach consists of:

Dog

One chamber (monogastric)

Correctly match each species with how many chambers their stomach consists of:

Cat

One chamber (monogastric)

Correctly match each species with how many chambers their stomach consists of:

Goat

Four chambers (complex stomach)

In the Triadan System for documenting adult teeth, the left mandibular arch contains teeth in the _____ series

300

In an adult cat, list all of the teeth that are normally missing by listing their specific number in the Triadan System

Maxillary (Upper Jaw)

Right upper quadrant (100 series): 105 (first premolar), 110 (second molar), and 111 (third molar)

Left upper quadrant (200 series): 205 (first premolar), 210 (second molar), and 211 (third molar)

Mandibular (Lower Jaw)

Left lower quadrant (300 series): 305 (first premolar), 306 (second premolar), 310 (second molar), and 311 (third molar)

Right lower quadrant (400 series): 405 (first premolar), 406 (second premolar), 410 (second molar), and 411 (third molar)

The cartilage that makes up part of the laryngeal cartilage that prevents food from being aspirated into the trachea is the

Epiglottis

The two bones that are connected with the TMJ are the _____ bones and the _____ mandible bones

Temporal, Mandible

Which of the following is NOT a glandular portion of the stomach?

Omentum

What is emesis? Describe the process in detail, including what happens to the gastrointestinal tract and which part of the nervous system coordinates the response. In your answer, include a species that is unable to vomit.

Emesis is a protective mechanism that provides animals with the ability to remove harmful or toxic substances from the stomach or upper intestine. The reflux begins with the animal taking a deep inspiration, followed by closure of the glottis and contraction of the abdominal muscles, but not the gastric muscles. The combination of abdominal muscle contraction and inspiration results in increased pressure in the abdomen. This force is transferred to the contents of the stomach. The cardia sphincter relaxes, and food is forced into the esophagus and into the oral cavity. The central nervous system coordinates with the response and horses rarely vomit.

If you wanted to listen to the activity in the rumen of a cow, where would be the best area to place your stethoscope?

Left Lateral Abdomen