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Qur’an

The holy book of Islam.

Hajj

The pilgrimage to Mecca that Muslims are expected to make if able.

Umma

The community of Muslims.

Sharia

Islamic law that guides religious, social, and political life.

Dar al-Islam

Regions where Islam was dominant or Islamic rule was established.

Umayyad Caliphate

An early Islamic dynasty that greatly expanded the empire.

Abbasid Caliphate

A dynasty associated with Baghdad’s cultural and intellectual growth.

Baghdad House of Wisdom

A center in Baghdad for learning, translation, and scholarship.

Sunni

Believes that Umma should choose ruler

Shia

Believes that ruler should be Muhummed descendants

Jizya

A tax paid by certain non-Muslims living under Muslim rule.

Dhimmis

Non-Muslims who were allowed to practice their religion under Muslim rule, usually with certain restrictions and taxes.

Sufism

A mystical tradition within Islam that helped spread the religion.

Sui Dynasty

Reunified China, built the Grand Canal, fell bc of harsh rule and expensive projects

Grand Canal

A waterway connecting northern and southern China, transported goods and people, and strengthened trade and government control

Tang Dynasty

military expansion along Silk Road, population boom, civil service exams, chinas economic revolution

Song Dynasty

focused on trade/economic development rather than military and returned to more orthodox customs

Civil Service Examinations

Tests used to select government officials based on knowledge, especially of Confucian teachings.

Tributary System

A system in which neighboring states sent respect to China in exchange for trade relations/gifts.

China/Korea

The Silla Kingdom unifies Korea w/ Chinese help but Korea refuses Chinese control, used Chinese court customs

China/Vietnam

China controlled North Vietnam, elites assimilated into chinese culture but the country as a whole remained independent

China/Japan

China never controlled Japan, Japan took Chinese writing system, not as centralized as China

Champa rice

• From Vietnam

• Could grow twice a year

• increased crop production and supported population growth

Foot Binding

The practice of tightly binding girls’ feet, associated with beauty standards and restrictions on women in Song China.

Neo-Confucianism

 New version of confucianism that emerged during the Song Dynasty which blended confucian values w/ buddhism and daoism ideologies

Technological advancements

• Printing- helped replicate written works faster

• Gunpowder- weaponry

• Iron production- supported tools, weapons, and economic growth

• Coal powder- supported industiral production

Economic revolution

-Urbanization more industrial, specialized goods

-Increased crop production

-Increased population

-Expanding trade

-Technological innovations

Effects of fall of Roman Empire

• West Roman empire fell bc of invasions/disease

• Many small kingdoms begin to arise

• Trade declined because roads and connections became less reliable.

• The Roman Catholic Church remained an important institution connecting Western Europe.

• People still admired Rome and tried to imitate its political system.

Fuedalism

Kings/nobles would own land and peasants would do work on the lands/pay taxes and also receive protection from elites

Pluralism

multiple centers of power

Byzantine & Eastern Europe

• Byzantine- remains of the Roman Empire in the East

• Capital was Constantinople

• Followed Eastern Orthodox Christianity

• Lost territory due to Arab conquests (Batte of Yamuk 636)

Eastern Orthodox Christianity

• A branch of Christianity centered on Constantinople.

• Separate from the Roman Catholic Church

• Religion and government were closely connected in the Byzantine Empire.

Kievan Rus

• A trading kingdom in the region of modern Russia and Ukraine.

•  Ruler Vladimir the Great chose Eastern Orthodoxy to unite his people.

• Byzantine Christianity influenced the religious identity of Eastern Europe.

Western Christendom - Society and organization

• Roman Catholic Church connected Western EU

• Charlemagne ruled a large area of Western Europe and received the title “King of the Romans” from the Pope.

• The Holy Roman Empire was established under Otto the Great, but it was decentralized

Egypt

Muslim conquest began in 640 CE. Many people eventually converted to Islam, while Coptic Christian communities continued.

Nubia

Maintained Christianity until around 1500.

Ethiopia

Preserved its own Christian tradition, with strong ties to Judaism and Jerusalem

Crusades

Pope Urban II made Byzantine people going to get back their holy land from Muslim rule, was very violent but increased contact w/ Europe and Middle East

Gothic archietecture

meant to be grand, maximalist and to show christian faith. stuff like flying buttnesses and ribbed vaults allowed for stability and taller buildings

Hagia Sophia

Christian/muslim cathedral in Constantinople, famous for dome ceiling

Mosiac

images made from tiny pieces of glass, used on ceilings/walls

Themes prevalent throughout Art

• Religous- had many works of Jesus, Mary, and saints

• Art helped communicate religious ideas to people who could not read.

•  Large churches and decorated buildings showed the wealth and authority of rulers or religious institutions.

• presented to emphasize religious importance rather than realistic appearance.

Dome of the rock

Islamic/christian/jewish place of worship known for big gold dome, located in Jerusalem

Great Mosque of Cordoba

mosque in Spain, famous for double arches with white and red stripes

Islamic coin characteristics

Islamic coins had writing from the Quran rather than images of the rulers

Arabesque

intricate patterns with plants

Tesselation

patterns with geometric shapes that don’t overlap

Calligraphy

beautiful writing, usually from Quran

Sick figures Pottery Figure

-Portable

-Artwork and artists weren’t named

-“Slice of life”

-Slow to change

-Heads were larger bc they considered the head as the most important part of body

Great Zimbabwe

• A major stone-built city in southeastern Africa.

• Royal residence

• Connected to regional and long-distance trade.

Church of St. George

stone sculpture church in Ethiopia revealing christian faith

Mosque in Timbuktu

Islamic learning center in Mali

Obelisk (Stele) in Axum

 tall stone structure in Ethiopia, served as a marker for royal burial, had fake windows/doors to fool bad spirits

Muhammad

The prophet of Islam who received the revelations recorded in the Qur’an.

Five Pillars of Islam

Shahada (Faith), Salah (Prayer), Zakat (Charity), Sawm (Fasting), Hajj (Pilgrimage)

Hijra

Muhammad’s migration from Mecca to Medina in 622 CE, marking the beginning of the Islamic calendar.

Ulama

Muslim religious scholars who interpret Islamic law and teachings.

Madrassas (Madrasas)

Islamic schools where students study religious teachings and other subjects.

Al-Andalus

The Muslim-ruled region of the Iberian Peninsula, in present-day Spain and Portugal.

Sikhism

A monotheistic religion that blends Hindu and Muslims beliefs.

Hangzhou

A major city in Song China that became an important center of trade, commerce, and economic growth.

Xiongnu Empire

A powerful nomadic confederation north of China that frequently fought with Chinese dynasties.

Hangul

The Korean alphabet created under King Sejong during the Joseon Dynasty.

Chu Nom

A writing system used in Vietnam, based on Chinese characters, to represent the Vietnamese language.

Shotoku Taishi

A Japanese prince who promoted Buddhism, Chinese cultural influences, and centralized government.

Bushido

The samurai code emphasizing loyalty, honor, courage, and discipline.

Chinese Buddhism

A form of Buddhism adapted to Chinese culture and influenced by existing Chinese traditions, including Confucianism and Daoism.

Jesus Sutras

Christian texts written in China that presented Christian teachings using language and concepts familiar to Chinese readers.

Caesaropapism

A system in which the emperor holds significant authority over both government and religious affairs, especially associated with the Byzantine Empire.

Holy Roman Empire

A political entity in Central Europe that developed in the 10th century and connected German kings and emperors with the authority of Western Christianity.

Gargoyles/Grotesques

a gargoyle is a carved stone figure that serves as a functional waterspout to drain rainwater away from a building, while a grotesque is a purely decorative sculpture that has no water-drainage purpose.