Schizophrenia Spectrum Disorders: Symptoms, Antipsychotics, and Nursing Care

What is the definition of phreniform?

Delusions

What does affective refer to in mental health?

Mood disorder

What are the main disorders included in the schizophrenia spectrum?

Schizophrenia, schizoaffective disorder, schizophreniform disorder, brief psychotic disorder, delusional disorder, shared psychotic disorder, substance-induced psychotic disorder, late-onset schizophrenia

What is the primary focus of treatment for schizophrenia spectrum disorders?

Managing symptoms and maintaining or improving daily functioning

What is a common misconception about schizophrenia?

That there is a cure; there is no cure for schizophrenia.

What is the prevalence of schizophrenia in the general population?

About 1% of people develop schizophrenia at some point in their life.

What is the risk of developing schizophrenia for identical twins?

40 to 65% chance if one twin has the disorder.

What are positive symptoms of schizophrenia?

Thoughts, perceptions, and behaviors that are present in people with schizophrenia but absent in others, such as hallucinations and delusions.

What are negative symptoms of schizophrenia?

Absence of thoughts, perceptions, or behaviors that are ordinarily present in others, such as affect flattening and anhedonia.

What is the significance of cognitive symptoms in schizophrenia?

A core feature that contribute to difficulties in daily functioning.

What is the first modern antipsychotic medication?

Chlorpromazine (Thorazine)

What is the primary neurotransmitter targeted by first-generation antipsychotics?

Dopamine

What is schizoaffective disorder?

A disorder characterized by symptoms of both schizophrenia and mood disorders.

What is the role of nursing in managing schizophrenia?

Acting as a liaison for clients, interprofessional team members, and community organizations.

What is the impact of stigma on individuals with schizophrenia?

It leads to limited healthcare access, underdiagnosis, and undertreatment.

What are common early signs of schizophrenia?

Depression, social withdrawal, loss of interests, unusual behavior, or decreases in functioning.

What is the relationship between schizophrenia and substance use?

Substance use can be an environmental factor contributing to the onset of schizophrenia.

What is anosognosia in the context of schizophrenia?

Lack of insight into one's own mental health condition.

What are the common needs of people with schizophrenia?

Symptom control, social skills, treatment of comorbid conditions, and addressing caregiver burden.

What is the typical age of onset for schizophrenia in men?

Late teens to early twenties.

What is the typical age of onset for schizophrenia in women?

Late twenties to early thirties.

What are hallucinations?

Sensory experiences that occur without an external stimulus, such as auditory or visual.

What is the significance of delusions in schizophrenia?

False beliefs held despite contradictory evidence, often categorized by themes such as persecution or grandeur.

What is the importance of ruling out medical conditions before diagnosing schizophrenia?

To ensure that symptoms are not caused by other medical issues such as seizures or metabolic disorders.

What is the role of assertive community treatment in schizophrenia care?

An intensive, integrated approach to community mental health service delivery for individuals with serious mental illness.

What do conventional antipsychotics primarily block?

Dopamine

What do atypical antipsychotics affect?

Serotonin and Dopamine

What is the brand name of clozapine?

Clozaril

When was clozapine (Clozaril) approved by the FDA?

1990

What is the brand name for risperidone in its long-acting injectable form?

Risperdal Consta

What is the FDA approval year for Zyprexa?

1996

What is the primary first-line medication for psychotic symptoms?

Second Generation Antipsychotics

What is the risk of relapse for patients not taking medications consistently?

65-80%

What are the consequences of relapse in patients with psychosis?

Hospitalizations, lost jobs, lost apartments, estranged family and friends

What is agranulocytosis associated with?

Clozapine (Clozaril)

What are the signs of agranulocytosis?

Sudden fevers, sore throat, malaise

What is Neuroleptic Malignant Syndrome (NMS)?

A severe reaction to antipsychotic medications characterized by fever, muscle rigidity, and altered mental status

What are the clinical manifestations of NMS?

Sudden change in mental status, fever, muscle rigidity

What is the most important intervention for NMS?

Discontinue all antipsychotics

What are extrapyramidal side effects (EPS)?

Side effects from antipsychotics that affect motor control, such as tremors and rigidity

What is tardive dyskinesia?

Involuntary movements of the face and tongue, often irreversible

What is the AIMS scale used for?

To assess involuntary movements related to tardive dyskinesia

What is pseudoparkinsonism?

A side effect of antipsychotics that mimics Parkinson's disease symptoms

What are common side effects of antipsychotic medications?

Orthostatic hypotension, dry mouth, blurred vision, constipation, urinary retention

What should be monitored annually for patients on second-generation antipsychotics?

Increased prolactin levels, waist circumference, fasting glucose, blood pressure, fasting lipids

What is the significance of metabolic syndrome in antipsychotic treatment?

It increases the risk of diabetes, weight gain, and cardiovascular disease

What is the role of the nurse in managing patients on antipsychotics?

Creating a safe therapeutic relationship, monitoring for side effects, and providing education

What are the first-line medications for treating psychotic symptoms?

Second-generation antipsychotics

What is the FDA approval year for aripiprazole (Abilify)?

2002

What is the brand name for paliperidone in its long-acting injectable form?

Invega Sustenna

What is the FDA approval year for Invega Sustenna?

2006

What is the importance of monitoring side effects in antipsychotic treatment?

To prevent life-threatening situations and ensure compliance

What are the potential risks of long-acting injectable antipsychotics?

Increased costs and potential for prolonged side effects