Bio Quartely 3 Based off PPT

What is Cell Theory?

All living organisms are composed of one or more cells.

The cell is the basic unit of strucutre and organization in an organism

All cells arise from preexisting cells.

What are the building blocks of living things?

Cells are the basic unit unit of life, the smallest structural and functional unit of an organism, consisting of cytoplasm and a nucleus enclosed in a membrane.

What is an example of Eukaryotic cells?

Single celled protists, Multicellular, Fungi, Animals, Plants

What is an example of Prokaryotic cells?

Bacteria, Archaea

What are Archaea (Prokaryote cells)?

Extremophiles, often live in Earth’s extremem envirnments.

What are the 3 major layers of Prokaryotic Cells External Features?

Capsule, Cell Wall, Plasma Membrane.

What are the prokaryotes surface projections?

Pili and Flagella

What is the prokaryotic cell’s Capsule?

The outermost portion of the cell?

What is the prokaryotic cell’s Cell Wall?

Protects the cell and helps maintain its shape, made of peptidoglycan.

What is the prokaryotic cell’s Plasma Membrance?

A layer around the outside of the cell that helps with fluidity and molecule transport.

What is pili?

Short projections that help attach to other cells or the substrate.

What is Flagella?

Longer projections to propel the cell through it’s liquid envirnment

What are Prokaryotic Cell’s Internal Features?

Nucleoid, Chromosomes (in circular shape), and lacks true organelles (not membrance bound)

What is in a Eukaryotic Cell?

Cytoplasm, Membrane enclosed Nucleus, various other ogranelles.

What is cytoplasm?

A gelatinous, semi-fluid substance that helps suspend and support cellaur structure. Only found in region between the nucleus and the plasma membrane.

What are the 4 basic functions of all Eukaryotic structures?

Genetic control. Manugacture, distribution and breakdown of molecules. Energy processing. Sutrctural support, movement and communication.

What is in charge of Genetic control?

Nucleus and ribosomes

What is in charge of manugacture, distribution and breakdown of molecules?

Endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus, lysosomes, vacuoles and peroxisomes

What is in charge of energy processing?

Mitocondria and chloroplasts

What is in charge of structural support, movement and communication?

Cytoskeleton, plasma membrance and cell wall

What are similarities between Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic cells?

A plasma membrane, cytosol, one or more chromosomes, ribsomes

What is cytosol?

A gel-like fluid part of the cytoplasm.

What are the two types of Eukaryotic Cells?

Animal and Plant cells

What do Animal cells exclusively have over Plant cells?

Lysosomes and Centrosomes

What do Plant cells exclusively have over Animal Cells?

Rigid cell wall (cellulose) and Cytoplasmic channels (plasmodesmata), Chloroplasts, Central vacuole

What is the Endosymbiotic Theory?

Mitochondria and chloroplasts were formerly small prokaryotes, then they began living within larger cells.

What is the Nuclear Envelope?

Surrounds the outermost portion of then nucleus.

What is the purpose of the Nuclear Evelope?

Regualtes the movement of molcules within a cell and connect’s with teh cell’s network of membranes called endoplasmic reticulum

What is the purpose of the Nucleus?

Controls the cell’s activities by directing proteins synthesis by making messenger RNA (mRNA)

What does the Nucleus contrain?

Contains most of the cell’s DNA and the site of ribosomal RNA (rRNA) sythesis

What is a Free ribosome

Floats in the cytoplasm and makes proteins that function in the cytoplasm

What are Bound ribosomes

Attached to the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) associtaed with the nuclear envelope and associated with proteins packed in certain organelles or exported from the cell.

What are the components of the Endomembrane System?

Nuclear envelope, Endoplasmic reticulum (ER), Golgi apparatus, Lysosomes, Vacuoles, Plasma membrane

What is the Endoplasmic Reticulum

An extensive network of flattened sacs and tubules with both Smooth and Rought ER functions.

What is Smooth ER function?

Diverse metabloci process that produces enzymes important in the synthesis of lipids, oils, phospholipids, and steriods. Consumes enzymes to process srugs, alchohol and other potentially harmful substances. Can store calcium ions.

What is Rough ER function:

Makes additional membrane for itself and makes proteins destined for secreations

What is a lysosome?

A membranous sac containing digestive enzymes made by the Rught ER process in the Golgi apparatus. membrae serves to safely isolate these potent enzmes from the rest of the cell and typically only found in animal cells.

What is the function of Lysosomes?

Fuse with food vacuoles and digest food, destroy bacteria engulfed by white blood cells, and fuse with other vesicles. Containing damaged organelles or other materials to be recycled within a cell.

What are vacuoles?

Large vesicles that have a variety of functions.

What is the purpose of vacuoles in plants?

Store water to help maintain struture, have digestive functions, contain pugments, and contain poisons that protect the plant.

What are Peroxisomes?

Metabolic ocmpartments that don’t originate from the endomembrane system. Some can break down fatty acids to be used as celluar guel and convert toxic substances into water.

What are the two internal compartments?

Intermembrane space and Mitochondrial Matrix

What is the Intermembrance Space?

Narrow region between the inner and outer membranes in the Mitochondria.

What is in the Mitochrondrial matrix?

mDNA, Ribosomes, various proteins (traditionally enzymes)

What is Chloroplasts?

Photosynthesizing organelles of all photoautotrophic eukaryotes.

What are the 3 types of Cytoskeleton?

Microtubule, Intermediate filament, and Microfilament

What is the function of Microtubule?

Give the cell rigidity and act as tracks fro organelle movement, support and movement of cell structures

What is function of Intermediate filament?

Reinforce cell shape and anchor organelles, providing strength

What is hte function of Microfilament?

Support the cell’s shape and are involved in mobility.

What is Form Follows Function?

The relationship between structure and function can be observed at every level of life

What are Cilia and Flagella?

Cilia (short) and Flagella (long) for locomotion

What is the function of the extracellular matrix of animal cells function in support and regulation?

Help hold cells together in tissues, protects and support the plasma membrane.

What is the Mitochondria?

Organelles that carry out cellular respiration in nearly all eukaryotic cells?

What is the function of the Mitochondria?

Cellular respiration transforming chemical energy, and converting food into adenosine triphosphate

What is the function of the Endomembrane System?

Connects organelles, ohysically and by the trasnfer of membrane segments by tiny vesicles (sacs made of membrance)

What is the Golgi Apparatus?

Contains stacks of sacs

What is the function of Golgi Apparatus

Receives proteins and lipids (fats) from the rought ER. It modigies some of them and sorts, concentrates and packl them into sealed droplets called vesicles

Where are Chloroplast located?

In the Intermembrane space (between the outer and inner membrane)

What is in the inner membrance?

Stroma, thylakoids, Granum

What is the Stroma?

Thick fluid that contains the chloroplast DNA, ribosomes, and many enzymes

What is the Thylakoids?

Network of interconnected sacs

What is the Granum?

Thylakoids are stacked; where green chlorophyll molecules trap solar energy

What is the Cytoskeleton?

A netowrk in cells that is made up of protein fibers.

What is the function of the Cytoskeleton?

Structural support and motility

What are integrins?

A protein that bind the ECM to membrane proteins

What connections do Plant Cells ahve

A rigid wall taht protects and provides skeletal support that helps keep the plant upright. Primarilty compised of cellulose

What is Plasmodesmata and what is its function?

It’s a plant cell function that allows plant tissues to share: water, nourishment, and chemical messages

What is the purpose of Cell Division?

Reproduction of an organism, growth of multicellular organims from a fertizlied egg into an adult, repair/replacement of cells and sperm/egg production

What are the two ways living organisms reproduce?

Asexual and Sexual reproduction

What is Asexual Reproduction?

1 parent, offspring that are identical to hte original cell or organism.

What is sexual reproduction?

2 parents, offpsring that are similar to the parents but show variation in traits.

What is Binary Fissions?

Dividing in half

What is a Prokaryotic chromosome?

A singular ciruclar DNA molecule associated with proteins that is much smaller than eukaryotes

What are the 3 stages of Binary Fission of a prokaryote cell?

1) Duplication of the chromosomes and separation of the copies

2) Continued elongation of the cell and movement of the copies

3) Division into two daughter cells

What is Eukaryotes?

Eukaryotic cells that are more compelx and larger than prokaryotic cells with more genes. They store more of their genes on multiple chromosomes within the nucleus.

What are Eukaryotic Chromosomes?

Linear DNA molecules made of chromatin in the nuclues.

What is chromatin made of?

DNA and Proteins

What is the function of proteins in chromatin?

Help maintain the chromosome structure and control the activity of it’s genes

What happens when you divide chromatin?

It becomes highly compact and becoems visiable under a microscope

How do Eukaryotic Chromosomes duplicate?

Duplicate all of it’s chromosomes into two “identical copies” called sister chromatids. Joined togehter by a narrow “waisted” called the centromere.

What happends when the sister chromatids seperate?

They become daughter cells, identical to each other

What is a Homologous Chromosomes?

One chromosome from each parent, different genes, acts like a backup system

What are Sister Chromatids/Homolougs Chromosomes?

Perfectly identcal copies of one chromosome created during DNA replication.

What are the two stages of a Cell cycle:

Interphase and Mitotic phase

What is the Interphase?

Duplication of the cell contects

What are the stages of interphase?

G1 - Growth, increase in cytoplasm
S - Duplication of chromosomes

G2 - Growth, preparation for division

What is the Mitotic phase?

Division.

What is Mitosis?

Division of the nucleus

What is Cytokinesis?

Division of cytoplasm, process is different in animal and plant cells

What are the stages of Mitotic Division?

Prophase, Prometaphase, Metaphase, Anaphase, Telophase, Cytokinesis

What are the stages of Mitosis?

Interphase, Prophase, Prometaphase, Metaphase, Anaphase, Telophase, Cytokinesis

What is Interphase?

Gwroth (G1), DNA replication (S), and more growth (G2)

What is Prophase?

Chromain condeses (chromosomes)

What is Prometaphase?

Spindles fibers attached to centromeres

What is Metaphase?

Replicated chromosomes align in the middle

What is Anaphase?

Spindle finbers pull the sister chromatids apart

What is Telophase?

2 nuclei form

What is Cytokinesis?

The cell spilts into 2

What are mitotic spindles?

Required to divide the chromosomes, compoed of microubules and produced by centrosomes.

What is Cleavage Furrow?

Forms form a contracting ring of microfilaments that deepends to separate the contents into two cells