Unit 4 Exam

What is the composition of the cardiovascular system?

Composed of blood vessels that carry blood to and from all regions of the body, and the heart which pumps the blood.

Is the cardiovascular system open or closed?

Closed.

What are bloodstream infections called?

Systemic infections.

List the defenses of the circulatory system.

Leukocytes, lymphocytes, phagocytes.

Is the biota of the cardiovascular and lymphatic systems completely sterile?

No, not completely sterile; blood cells possibly contain bacteria.

What was the first case of pneumonia reported related to COVID-19?

First pneumonia cases reported in Wuhan, China in December 2019.

What are the most acute symptoms of COVID-19?

Acute symptoms manifest in the respiratory system.

List some signs and symptoms of COVID-19.

Pneumonia, vomiting and diarrhea, skin rashes, heart damage, blood clots.

What does neurotropic mean in relation to COVID-19?

Refers to symptoms like loss of taste and smell, headaches, cognitive decline.

What is the causative agent of COVID-19?

SARS-CoV-2.

What variants are associated with COVID-19?

Alpha, Delta, Omicron.

What is the transmission method for COVID-19?

Droplet and airborne transmission.

What are some preventative measures for COVID-19?

Face masks, social distancing, mRNA vaccines.

What are broad-spectrum antibiotics used for?

Treatment of septicemia/sepsis.

What is endocarditis?

Inflammation of the endocardium, inner lining of the heart.

What differentiates acute and subacute endocarditis?

They have different groups of causative agents.

Common causative agent of acute endocarditis?

Staphylococcus aureus.

Describe Janeway lesions.

Red, painless spots on palms and soles.

What are Osler’s nodes?

Small painful nodes on pads of fingers and toes.

What is the most common causative agent of chronic diarrhea?

Giardia duodenalis.

What is the Gram morphology of Streptococcus pyogenes?

Gram-positive, chains.

What type of virus causes the common cold?

Most commonly rhinovirus.

What is the most common cause of community-acquired pneumonia?

Streptococcus pneumoniae.

What is the prevention for Helicobacter pylori infection?

Withdrawal of offending antibiotics, dietary changes.

What causes gastroenteritis?

Ingestion of contaminated food or water.

What is the primary transmission route for hepatitis A and E?

Fecal-oral route.

Causative agent of hepatitis B?

Enveloped DNA virus belonging to the family Hepadnaviridae.

Are vaccines available for hepatitis viruses A and B?

Yes, hepatitis A has an inactivated vaccine, and hepatitis B has a recombinant vaccine.

Common mode of transmission for syphilis?

Sexual contact.

What are clue cells?

Sloughed off vaginal epithelial cells nearly covered with adherent bacteria.

What does the herpes virus cause?

Genital herpes.

What is the most common reportable infectious disease in the US?

Chlamydia.

What do azole drugs treat?

Used to treat vaginal candidiasis.

What type of organism is Trichomonas vaginalis?

Protozoan.

What is the primary route of transmission for genital herpes?

Direct contact with infected secretions.

How can one prevent urinary tract infections?

Minimize use of urinary catheters, proper hygiene.

What is the causative agent of gonorrhea?

Neisseria gonorrhoeae.

What symptoms are common in males with gonorrhea?

Urethritis, painful urination, yellowish discharge.

What does the term 'vaginosis' mean?

Vaginitis without significant inflammation.

What is the common name for Enterobius vermicularis?

Pinworm.

Is Clostridium difficile gram-positive or negative?

Gram-positive.

Which bacterium is commonly associated with gastritis?

Helicobacter pylori.

What is the estimated prevalence of HPV infections?

Most prevalent STI.

What does 'MDR' stand for in reference to tuberculosis?

Multidrug-resistant.

List two prevention methods for Hepatitis C infection.

Avoid sharing needles, safe sex practices.

What is the role of the immune system in the pathology of helminths?

The host's immune response often damages host body.

What is a primary symptom of schistosomiasis?

Inflammation and swelling of spleen, bladder, and liver.

Which organism is responsible for the bubonic plague?

Yersinia pestis.

What is a unique symptom of tuberculosis?

Bloody sputum.

How is pneumonic plague transmitted?

Respiratory droplets.

What is the primary treatment for bacterial infections in the digestive tract?

Restoration of fluids and electrolytes.

Which virus is associated with mild gastroenteritis in infants?

Rotavirus.

What is the most common cause of gastroenteritis outbreaks?

Norovirus.

What is a key symptom of baldness associated with liver infections?

Jaundice.