proteins 1

what are forms of nitrogen in feed

-Amino Acids

-Proteins

What are non-amino nitrogen in feed

-Nucleic acids

discribe Animo acid structure

-all have similar structure

-Differ only at r substituents

-have carboxyl group, Nitrogen, Hydrogen, R-group

how many standard Amino acids are there

20 (encoded by DNA)

what does Non-standard Amino acids mean

Not directly encoded by DNA

what are 2 examples of non standard Amino acids

ornithine and citrulline (appear in urea cycle)

what is a Amino acid like organic compound

Taurine (not really a AA)

where is Taurine synthesized from

Methionine or cysteine

why is Taurine important

essential for cats

what are some sources of proteins

-Chloroplast

-Cytoplasm

-Extensis in plant cell wall

Reserve compounds in seeds

what are some Non-amino nitrogen Nucleic Acids

-DNA

-RNA

-mRNA

-tRNA

rRNA

what are some other non-amino nitrogens

-urea

-ammonia

-Nitrate

all can be synthesized to make proteins from microbes*

are AA essential for animals

yes, non- foregut fermenters

Name essentail AA’s

“PVT. TIM .HALL”

-phenylalanine

-valine

-threonine

-tryptophan

-isoleucine

-methionine

-Histidine

-Arginine(conditionally essential")

-Leucine

-Lysine

True/False: some non-essential AA can partially substitute for essential ones

True

What non essential AA can partially substitute for methionine

Cysteine

What non essential AA can partially substitute for phenylalanine

Tyrosine

What are some conditionlly essential AA and who are they conditional for

-young,growing, or ill animals

-Arginine

-cysteine

-Glutamine'

-Glycine

-Proline

-Tyrosine

What AA is conditionally essential for laying hens

Proline (chickens make proline but it all goes into the body not egg) so must feed proline in diet too have it in egg

what is the point of digestion in Metabolism

to go from proteins to peptides

where does digestion happen

begins with pepsin in stomach

what is important in abomasum of young ruminants and why

-Rennin( curdles proteins in milk, used in cheese making)

what is the 2nd step of digestion in metabolism

Trypsin and chymotrypsin released by pancreas

what is the 3rd step of digestion in metabolism

Peptides got to AA or very short (di&tri) peptides

what is released by pancreas in Digestion

Carboxypeptidase A&B

what is released by small intestine lining

-Aminopeptidases

-Dipeptidases

where does AA transport occur

Small intestine

what are the 3 broad systems in AA transport

-Acidic AA'

-Neutral AA

-Basic AA

how is AA transport carried

symporters (Na+,K+0

-some uniporters, or antiporters

what is a problem we run into for AA transport

competition= when AA sharing same transporter

what are 2 common examples of AA sharing transporter

• leucine inhibits isoleucine transport

• lysine inhibits arginine transport

why is competition in AA’s sharining the same transporter bad

Potentially increases dietary requirements for AA for which transport is inhibited

give an example where AA competiton Potentially increases dietary requirements for AA for which transport is inhibited can be bad

• Diet high in lysine which inhibits Argiine meaing Diet must increase Arginine

• ** dont over feed AA or will increase dietary need for another

what is a short peptide transporter in Absorption

Unique for proteins

what is an example of a short peptide transport and what does it do

-Peptide transporter 1 (PepT1)

-transporters di & tri peptides

-H+ dependent

What does it mean to have Absorption of longer peptides and proteins

Negligible in mature animals

-occurs un neonate(<24hr after birth) by pinocytosis

• important in Immunity (immunoglobulin transfer) not nutrition

why is it good that Longer peptides and proteins are absorbed in only neonates(babies)

because it is worth it to build up imminity of smaller youger animals, would not be worth something being able to sneak in to a mature animal if allowed to absorb larger peptides and proteins

where does protein digestion start and continue

Begins with stomach, continues in small intestine