APUSH Terms - Unit 4A (1800 - 1824)

Louisiana Purchase

Territory in western United States; bought from France for $15 million in 1803 under President Thomas Jefferson; nearly doubled the nation's size; Napoleon wanted money for war, America wanted the Mississippi River and New Orleans for trade.

Marbury v. Madison (1803)

Case that led the Supreme Court to establish judicial review- power of the courts to declare laws unconstitutional.

John Marshall

Fourth Chief Justice of the US; served for 34 years; established the Supreme Court's power of judicial review and strengthened the power of the federal government over the states.

Impressment

Forcible seizure of people for military service; British Royal Navy press gangs did this to American ships in the 1800s; major cause of the War of 1812, as it violated American sovereignty and national honor.

Chesapeake Affair

Incident in 1807 in which an unprovoked British warship fired on an American ship and boarded it, searching for British deserters; seized 4 sailors and hung one of them; example of impressment; major cause of Embargo Act 1807 and War of 1812

Embargo Act 1807

US law signed by Thomas Jefferson that banned American exports and imports to punish the British and French for attacking American ships and to avoid war; backfired and crippled the American economy; failed to prevent the War of 1812.

Tecumseh

A Shawnee leader who organized a confederacy of Native American tribes to resist American westward expansion and create a Native American nation; allied with the British in the War of 1812, died at the Battle of the Thames and the confederacy collapsed.

Battle of Tippecanoe

Battle in which the US, led by William Henry Harrison, defeated Tecumseh's Native American confederation, led by Tenskwatawa/The Prophet; increased conflict and weakened NA confederation.

War Hawks

Group of pro-conflict Democratic-Republicans in Congress who successfully pushed for the declaration of war against Great Britain in 1812 to defend American sovereignty, restore national honor, and secure territorial expansion; key leaders included Henry Clay and John Calhoun.

Hartford Convention

A secret meeting of Federalist delegates from New England in Connecticut to protest the War of 1812; proposed amendments to the constitution to limit the power of the federal government; the war ended before they could propose this, discrediting the delegates' complaints and leading to the downfall of the Federalist Party.

McCulloch v. Maryland (1819)

Supreme Court case that decided Congress has the power to create a national bank, and the states cannot tax federal institutions; affirmed the supremacy of federal government.

Gibbons v. Ogden (1824)

Supreme Court case that decided that the Constitution's Commerce Clause gave Congress, not the states, the power to regulate interstate commerce (buying, selling, transporting of goods within the US).

Era of Good Feelings

Period in U.S. history from 1815- 1824, marked by a sense of national unity and optimism following the War of 1812; also decline of Federalism meant less conflict between political parties; is associated with James Monroe's presidency.

Clay's American System

An economic plan that aimed to strengthen the U.S. economy and American industries through tariffs, a national bank, and internal improvements such as roads and canals; was controversial, sparking debates over states' rights, and deepened divisions between the industrial North and agricultural South.

Adams-Onis Treaty

An agreement between the United States and Spain that gave Florida to the U.S. for $5 million; the US also gave up their claim over Texas; and defined a new boundary for the Louisiana Purchase.

Nativism

An ideology that prioritizes the interests of native-born or established inhabitants of a country over those of immigrants, often leading to strong opposition to immigration and a desire to restrict it.

Lowell (Waltham) System

A factory model for textile manufacturing that combined all stages of cloth production under one roof and relied on a workforce of young, unmarried women, known as "mill girls"; highly successful; 1813.

Monroe Doctrine

A U.S. foreign policy that warned European powers to not colonize or interfere in the Western Hemisphere, and that the U.S. would not interfere in European affairs; response to Russian territorial claims and to protect newly independent Latin American countries; 1823.

Tariff of 1816

The first protective tariff in US history; designed to protect American manufacturers from foreign competition after the War of 1812 and to lower national debt; placed taxes on imported cotton and wool products; North supported, South didn't.

Erie Canal

An engineering project that connected the Atlantic Ocean to the Great Lakes; first navigable waterway of its kind in North America; reduced shipping costs and fueled westward expansion; made New York City a dominant economic power.

Missouri Compromise

A legislative agreement that admitted Missouri as a slave state and Maine as a free state to maintain the balance of power between slave and free states in the U.S. Senate; prohibited slavery in the north Louisiana Purchase territory; temporarily resolved slavery debates.

Panic of 1819

The first major nationwide economic collapse in the United States caused by the end of the War of 1812; poor banking practices, collapse of foreign demand for American goods, and people buying too much land caused widespread bank failures, unemployment, and debt.

Market Revolution

A period of rapid economic and social change in the US; shift from a subsistence farming economy to a more industrialized one; driven by advancements in transportation, communication, and manufacturing (roads, canals, the telegraph).