Unit 4 Vocabulary: Global Interactions and Maritime Empires

Comprehensive vocabulary flashcards covering the economic systems, trade networks, colonial social structures, and conflicts of Unit 4.

Mercantilism

An economic policy where countries set policies to sell as many goods as possible and buy as much gold and silver so they did not have to buy from other countries, requiring heavy government involvement.

Trading post empire

An empire based on controlling small outposts rather than large territories.

Galleons

Heavily armed Spanish ships that made stops in the Philippines.

Northwest passage

A route through or around North America that would lead to East Asia and the trade in spices and luxury goods.

Conquistadores

Spanish soldiers, such as Francisco Pizarro and Hernan Cortés, that brought smallpox with them.

Columbian Exchange

The connection established between the Eastern and Western Hemispheres that shared diseases, foods, and animals, named after Christopher Columbus who helped link them.

African Diaspora

The dispersion of Africans out of Africa.

Cash Crop

Crops like sugar and tobacco that were grown for sale rather than subsistence.

Treaty of Tordesillas

A 1494 agreement in which Spain and Portugal divided the Americas between them.

Encomienda

A system established by the Spanish to gain access to gold and other resources of the Americas.

Hacienda system

An agricultural system where landowners developed agriculture on their lands, producing wheat, fruit, vegetables, and sugar.

Middle Passage

The grueling journey across the Atlantic that formed the middle part of an enslaved captive's journey.

Commercial Revolution

The transformation to a trade-based economy using gold and silver.

Price Revolution

The high rate of inflation, or general rise in prices, during the 16th to early 17th century.

Joint-stock companies

Enterprises owned by investors who bought stock or shares in them, which extended the global economy.

Triangular trade

An Atlantic trading system with three voyage segments that included the transport of enslaved Africans.

Monopoly

The exclusive right to trade granted to certain merchants, usually through a joint-stock company, or to the government itself.

Polygyny

The practice of taking more than one wife.

Viceroys

Officials who acted as administrators or representatives of the Spanish crown.

Audiencias

Royal courts where Spanish settlers could appeal viceroys' decisions or policies.

Metacom's War

A conflict from 1675 to 1678, also known as King Philip's War, that marked the final major effort of the indigenous people to drive the British from New England.

Pueblo Revolt

An uprising where the Pueblo and Apache fought against colonizers who were attempting to force religious conversions.

Glorious Revolution

Also called the Bloodless Revolution; it strengthened the power of Parliament, which passed a law forbidding Catholics to rule England.

Pugachev Rebellion

A revolt that caused Catherine to increase her oppression of the peasants in exchange for noble support to prevent future revolts.

Gloucester County Rebellion

A 1663 conspiracy in which enslaved Africans and white indentured servants joined together to demand their freedom from the governor.

Timar

A system in which the sultan granted land or tax revenues to favored individuals.

Harem

A residence where a powerful man's wives and concubines lived.

Peninsulares

Individuals who were born on the Iberian peninsula.

Mestizos

Individuals of mixed European and indigenous ancestry.

Mulattos

Individuals of mixed European and African ancestry.

Zambos

Individuals of mixed indigenous and African ancestry.

Barbary Pirates

Pirates operating along the Barbary Coast near North Africa who captured Europeans in the Mediterranean and sold them to the sultan or high-ranking officials.

Impressed

Forced into military or naval service, such as being made into enslaved galley workers in the navy.

Sephardic Jew

Jews who trace their heritage back to Spain.

Ashkenazi Jew

Jews from central and eastern Europe.