Midterm 2 (Not including stuff from midterm 1 or research studies)

Social self

Sense of self shaped by social interactions, relationships, and situations.

Self-knowledge

Information and beliefs we have about ourselves.

Self-schema

Organized beliefs and feelings about ourselves that guide processing of self-relevant information.

Introspection

Looking inward at one's thoughts and feelings to understand oneself.

Limits of introspection

People may not consciously know the true causes of their attitudes or behavior.

Self-awareness theory

Self-focus leads comparison of behavior with internal standards and possible correction.

State self-awareness

Temporary focus on oneself that can increase honesty and consistency with standards.

Trait self-awareness

Relatively stable tendency to focus attention on oneself.

Private self-consciousness

Tendency to reflect on one's private thoughts and feelings.

Public self-consciousness

Tendency to focus on how others perceive oneself.

Reason-generated attitude change

Analyzing reasons can change attitudes toward reasons that are easy to verbalize.

Affective forecasting

Predicting one's future emotional reactions.

Impact bias

Overestimating the strength or duration of future emotions.

Self-perception theory

Inferring one's attitudes from observed behavior when internal cues are weak or unclear.

Intrinsic motivation

Doing an activity because it is inherently interesting or enjoyable.

Extrinsic motivation

Doing an activity for external rewards or demands.

Overjustification effect

Expected external rewards can reduce existing intrinsic interest.

Facial feedback hypothesis

Facial expressions can influence emotional experience.

Socialization agents

People or institutions that shape identity and behavior through socialization.

Reflected self-appraisal

Belief about how others perceive oneself.

Looking-glass self

Self-concept partly develops from how we imagine others see us.

Working self-concept

Part of self-knowledge active in a particular situation.

Independent self-construal

Defining oneself by individuality, autonomy, and personal traits.

Interdependent self-construal

Defining oneself through relationships, roles, and group connections.

Social comparison theory

Evaluating opinions or abilities by comparison with others.

Upward social comparison

Comparing with someone doing better; can motivate or threaten self-esteem.

Downward social comparison

Comparing with someone doing worse, often protecting self-esteem.

Lateral social comparison

Comparing with similar others to evaluate oneself accurately.

Self-evaluation motive

Desire to assess one's characteristics accurately.

Self-improvement motive

Desire to become better at an ability or characteristic.

Social identity

Part of self-concept derived from group membership.

Identity salience

A particular identity is especially active in a situation.

Self-stereotyping

Describing oneself using stereotypes associated with one's salient group.

Self-esteem

Overall positive or negative evaluation of oneself.

Trait self-esteem

Relatively stable sense of self-worth.

State self-esteem

Momentary self-worth affected by circumstances.

Contingencies of self-worth

Domains where success and failure strongly affect self-esteem.

Sociometer hypothesis

Self-esteem monitors perceived social acceptance and rejection.

Self-enhancement

Desire to maintain, increase, or protect positive self-views.

Better-than-average effect

Believing oneself above average on desirable characteristics.

Self-serving construal

Interpreting ambiguous information to favor one's self-image.

Positive illusions

Unrealistically favorable beliefs about oneself or one's control.

Self-affirmation theory

Protecting overall self-worth by affirming a valued identity unrelated to a threat.

Self-verification theory

Wanting others to see us as we see ourselves, even if views are negative.

Self-evaluation maintenance model

Effects of another's success on self-esteem depend on closeness, relevance, and performance.

Closeness in self-evaluation maintenance

Success of someone close affects self-esteem more than success of a stranger.

Relevance in self-evaluation maintenance

A close other's success can threaten self-esteem when the domain is personally important.

Basking in reflected glory (BIRGing)

Increasing self-esteem by associating with successful people or groups.

Self-regulation

Controlling behavior in pursuit of goals and resisting temptations.

Self-discrepancy theory

Gaps between actual and ideal or ought selves create distinct negative emotions.

Actual self

Person one believes one currently is.

Ideal self

Person one hopes or wishes to become.

Ought self

Person one believes one should be based on obligations.

Actual-ideal discrepancy

Gap between actual and desired self, associated with dejection or disappointment.

Actual-ought discrepancy

Gap between actual and obligated self, associated with anxiety or guilt.

Promotion focus

Seeking positive outcomes and aspirations, often guided by ideal-self standards.

Prevention focus

Avoiding negative outcomes and fulfilling duties, often guided by ought-self standards.

Hot construal

Focusing on tempting emotional features of a stimulus.

Cool construal

Focusing on neutral or abstract features to resist temptation.

High-level construal

Abstract focus on broad goals and long-term meaning.

Low-level construal

Concrete focus on immediate details and how to act.

Implementation intention

Specific if-then plan linking a cue to goal-directed behavior.

Automatic self-control

Long-term goals become activated by tempting cues without deliberate effort.

Self-presentation

Presenting oneself to create desired impressions in others.

Impression management

Attempting to shape how others perceive oneself.

Dramaturgic perspective

Goffman's view of social interaction as a performance of public identities.

Face

Public image one wants others to accept.

Self-monitoring

Adjusting behavior to fit a social situation.

High self-monitor

Person who readily adapts behavior to different audiences.

Low self-monitor

Person who behaves more consistently with personal preferences across settings.

Self-handicapping

Creating excuses or obstacles to protect self-image in case of failure.

Online self-presentation

Managing identity and impressions through online profiles and posts.

Sex

Biological classification involving chromosomes, hormones, anatomy, and reproductive traits.

Assigned gender at birth (AGAB)

Sex or gender designation assigned at birth, usually based on observed anatomy.

Gender

Social, psychological, and cultural meanings associated with gender categories.

Gender identity

A person's internal sense of their gender.

Cisgender

Gender identity aligns with sex assigned at birth.

Transgender

Gender identity differs from sex assigned at birth.

Nonbinary

Gender identity not exclusively male or female.

Gender nonconforming

Expression or behavior outside traditional gender expectations.

Gender-expansive

Identity or expression extending beyond conventional gender categories.

Gender expression

Outward communication of gender through appearance and behavior.

Doing gender

Reproducing or challenging gender norms through everyday interactions.

Gender/sex roles

Clusters of norms and expectations associated with gender categories.

Gender role conformity

Behavior matching social expectations for one's gender.

Gender role stereotypes

Beliefs about people's traits or abilities based on gender.

Demand characteristics

Cues that lead research participants to behave as they believe is expected.

Agency / agentic traits

Assertiveness, independence, competitiveness, and decisiveness; traditionally stereotyped masculine.

Communion / communal traits

Warmth, kindness, cooperation, and caring; traditionally stereotyped feminine.

Mental rotation task

Spatial task involving mentally turning objects to compare shapes.

Stereotype activation

Making a stereotype accessible in the mind.

Identity salience

A particular identity becomes especially noticeable or active.

Self-fulfilling prophecy

Expectations shape behavior in ways that help produce the expected outcome.

Brilliance = male stereotype

Belief that exceptional intellectual ability is more characteristic of boys or men.

Gender role incongruity

Mismatch between gender expectations and demands of a role.

Backlash effect

Penalty for violating gender stereotypes.

Agentic backlash

Negative reactions to women who behave assertively or dominantly.

Communal backlash

Negative reactions to men who violate masculine expectations through communal behavior.

Gender system justification

Believing traditional gender arrangements are fair and should be preserved.

Worldview threat

Feeling that valued social beliefs or arrangements are challenged.