HIST: CH 6 Gillon Textbook

Rise of Progressivism

Challenged assumptions of social darwinists, believed in science, called for reform, public outrage, limit power of corporations and was thought to have come from European social legislation.

Challenges to Social Darwinism

• The Common Law - Oliver Holmes 1881: law evolves through real world experience rather than logic

• Dynamic Sociology - Lester Ward 1883: human intelligence can alter and improve society

• Principles of Psychology - William James 1890: humans can control evolution through science

• Theory of Leisure Class - Thorstein Veblen 1899: call for government management

• School and Society - John Dewey 1902: education based on science

• Supreme Court - Oliver Holmes 1903 and Louis Brandeis 1916

• Economic Interpretation of Constitution - Charles beard 1913: frames U.S. constitution as flexible

Religious Reform

Social Gospel: apply Christian ethics to social problems

• Women’s Christian Temperance Union - 1874 formed to promote sobriety

• In His Steps - Charles Sheldon 1896 popularizing social gospels

• Christianity and Social Crisis - 1907 Walter Rauschenbusch: defining theological basis of social gospel

Rise of Maternalism

• Hull House - 1889 Jane Adams & Ellen Starr to address poverty, disease overcrowding as model for community research

• National Assoc. of Colored Women - 1896 Mary Terrell to advance health and education

• National Congress of Mothers - 1897 to sponsor urban playgrounds and kindergartens

• Women’s Trade Union League - 1903 to organize female wage earners

• National Federation of Settlements - 1911 centralize community welfare and social workers

• “Women and Economics”: by Charlotte Perkins Gilman, advocated for communal living, professional childcare so women could work outside the home

• Anarchism/Sexual Liberation: Emma Goldman advocated for complete independence and attacked traditional marriage

• Birth Control Campaign: nurse Margaret Sanger advocated for contraceptive access and faced charges before courts allowed physicians to distribute birth control

Rise of Professionalism

• National Association of Manufacturers - 1895 representing organized business interests

• American Med. Assoc. - 1902

• National Ed. Assoc. - 1905

• U.S. Chamber of Commerce - 1912 business policies

Public Exposure

• McClure’s Standard Oil - 1902 Ida Tarbell exposed corporate corruption.

• The Jungle - 1906 Upton Sinclair conditions in meatpacking plants federal food safety regulations.

Factory and Consumer Reforms

• NYC Garment Strike - 1909 to increase wages

• Triangle Shirtwaist Fire - 1911 fire killed 146 workers trapped, sparked public outrage

• NY Factory Commission - 1914 passes 56 labor laws and modern standards

• Workday Law - 1893 8 hour work day

• National Consumers League - 1899 Florence Kelley mobilizing public support for safety

• Muller v Oregon - 1908 upheld 10 hour workday for women based on Louis Brandeis sociological evidence on working conditions

Municipal Reforms

• Galveston Hurricane: 1900 hurricane led to creation of member commission government to manage city departments

• Hazen Pingree (Detroit): lowered utility rates, work relief, and taxed wealthy

• Samuel Jones/Golden Rule (Toledo): 8 hour work days and paid vacations

• Tom Johnson (Cleveland): reduced transit fares and argued for municipal ownership of public utilities

State level reforms

• Wisconsin Idea: 1900-1906 governer Robert La Follette made Wisconsin a ‘labratory of democracy by instituting direct primaries, civil reforms, and corporate regulation, allowing voters to remove corrupt or ineffective elected officials from office

• 17th Amendment: Established direct popular election of U.S senators rather than selection by state legislatures

• Mothers Pensions: provided stipends to single mothers by 1919

• Child Labor/Workers Comp: All states established child labor protections

Womens Suffrage Movement

• Catt’s Winning Plan: 1900 Carrie Chapman Catt took over NAWSA organizing state by state strategy

• Progressive Party Support: formally endorsed womens suffrage and for Jane Addams to second Roosevelts nomination

• 19th Amendment: 1920 allowed women to vote

Moral and Social Control

• Mann Act: 1910 federal law prohibited interstate transportation of women for immoral purposes to combat white slavery/prostitution rings

• Fed. Immigration Act: 1917 passed over Wilsons veto to impose new restrictions on incoming immigrants

• 18th Amendment: Ban of manufacture, sale, and transport of alcohol to fuel wartime grain conservation efforts

• Socialist party of America: Led by Eugene Debs advocating for public ownership of industries, working class voters and secured nearly 1m votes

• Industrial workers of the world: Led by William Haywood/Big Bill who welcomed women, Black Americans, and immigrants

African American Activism

• The Great Migration: 1890-1920 500k southerners moved to Northern cities to seek safety and better wages

• Anti-Lynching Campaign: 1892 led by Ida B Wells exposure of lynching and inspired black womens club; “lifting as we climb”

• Talented Tenth: WEB Du Bois advocated for an educated black elite to fight for civil rights, criticized Booker T Washington accommodations strategy

• Founding of NAACP: 1910 formed by white members of Niagra Movement to combat segregation, lynching and voter inequalities

Key Legal Victories

• Guinn v U.S: 1915 struck down grandfather clauses in MD and OK

• Buchanan v Worley: 1917 declared residential segregation unconstitutional

• U.S v Shipps: 1909 found TN sheriff in contempt for allowing mob to lynch a black man

Theodore Roosevelt Administration

• McKinleys Assassination: 1901 Leon Czlogosz assassinated McKinley and Roosevelt became VP

• Anthracite Coal Strike: 1902 threatened to seize PN mines, forced owners to have 10% pay raise and 9hr workday

• Northern Securites vs US: broke up J.P. Morgans railroad monopoly in the West

• Brownsville Affair: unjustly discharged 160 black soilders without honor following unproven shooting allegations

• Conservation Expansion: added 150m acres to national forests and funded western irrigation projects

Regulatory Acts under Roosevelt

• Expedition Act: 1903 prioritized court proceedings for federal antitrust suits

• Elkins Act: 1903 made secret railroad rebates illegal

• DPT of Commerce and Labor: 1903 established bureau of corporations to investigate companies

• Hepburn Railroad Act: 1906 authorized ICC to set maximum railroad freight rates

• Pure Food and Drug Act: 1906 mandated ingredient labeling and federal supervision of meat processing

William Howard Taft Administration

• Election of 1908: Republican William Taft defeated Bryan with Roosevelts backing

• Payne Aldrich Tariff: 1909 Taft supported tariff bill that raised import duties

• Ballinger Pinchot Affair: 1910 Taft fired chief forester Gifford Pinchot for insubordination he accused Richard Ballinger of improperly opening Alaskan coalfields to private developers

• US Steel Lawsuit: 1911 Taft filed antitrust suit against US steel, angering roosevelt

Election of 1912

• Formation of Progressive Party/Bull Moose: Roosevelt formed third party advocacy called New Nationalism advocating for regulation, minimum wage and women’s suffrage

• Woodrow Wilsons New Freedom: Democratic candidate advocated for breaking up monopolies by drawing on philosophy of attorney Louis D Brandeis

• Outcome: republican votes split between Taft and Roosevelt, Wilson won