plant classification test 2

what means the range is anywhere?

cosmopolitan

what means splitting/dividing in two?

dichotomous

what means growing on another plant but not as a parasite?

epiphytic

what is a modified leaf bearing sporangia?

sporophyll

what is a cluster of sporophylls?

strobilus

what is a thin membranous appendage at the base of a leaf?

ligule

what is a structure that wraps/encircles another structure?

sheath

what is fungi associated with plant roots in a mutually beneficial way?

Mycorrhizal fungi

what means growing on rock faces?

epipetric

what is another word for drooping?

decumbent

what is the leaf of a fern called?

frond

what is the leaflet of a fern called?

pinna

what is a dense cluster of sporangia?

sorus

what is the protective covering for a sorus?

indusium

what is the petiole of a fern?

stipe

what is the stalk that connects a leaf’s blade to the stem?

petiole

what is a modified leaf enclosing sporangia?

sporocarps

what means coiled from the tip downward?

circinate

what means “two-house”, separate male and female plants?

dioecious

what means falls off?

Deciduous

what means “one-house”, male and female parts on same plant?

monoecious

what means arranged along the stem in pairs, with each pair at right angles (90˚) to the pair above or below?

decussate

what is a long stemmed vine that goes into trees to reach sun?

lianas

what division is lycophytes?

Lycopodiophyta

what class contains Lycopodiales and Selaginellales?

Lycopodiopsida

what order contains Lycopodiaceae?

Lycopodiales

what order contains family Selaginellaceae?

selaginellales

what family contains club mosses?

lycopodiaceae

what family contains spike mosses?

selaginellaceae

what division contains ferns and Allies?

Monilophyta

what class contains order Equisetales?

Equisetopsida

what family is horsetails?

equisetaceae

what class contains psilotales?

psilotopsida

what order contains psilotaceae?

psilotales

what family includes whisk ferns?

psilotaceae

what class includes orders polypodiales, cyatheales, and salviniales?

polypodiopsida

what order contains pteridaceae and aspleniaceae?

polypodiales

what family includes maiden hairs and brakes?

pteridaceae

what family includes wood ferns?

aspleniaceae

what order contains cyatheaceae?

cyatheales

what family has tree ferns?

cyatheaceae

what order contains marsileaceae and salviniaceae?

salviniales

what family includes pepperworts/clover ferns?

Marsileaceae

what family includes water ferns?

salviniaceae

what division includes seed plants (we focus on superclass gymnospermae)?

spermatophyta

what class contains order cycadales?

cycadopsida

what order contains cycadaceae and zamiaceae?

cycadales

what family contains cycads?

cycadaceae

what family contains Zamias?

zamiaceae

what class contains ginkgoales?

ginkgoopsida

what order contains ginkgoaceae?

ginkgoales

what family contains ginkgos?

ginkgoaceae

what class contains order pinales, cupressales, and araucariales?

pinopsida

what order contains pinaceae?

pinales

what family includes pines?

pinaceae

what order contains cupressaceae and taxaceae?

cupressales

what family includes junipers?

cupressaceae

what family includes yews?

taxaceae

what order contains araucariaceae and podocarpaceae?

araucariales

what family includes monkey puzzle trees?

araucariaceae

what family includes yellowwoods?

podocarpaceae

what class contains order Gnetales?

gnetopsida

what order includes gnetaceae, ephedraceae, and welwitschiaceae?

gnetales

what family includes gnetum?

gnetaceae

what family includes mormon teas?

ephedraceae

what family includes welwitschia?

welwitschiaceae

what are some characteristics of club mosses(Lycopodiaceae)?

terrestrial or epiphytic perennials, dichotomously branched with slender stems, small leaves simple with one vein, spirally arranged, spores are born from large sporangia on upper side of sporophylls arranged in a club-shaped strobilus, gametophyte is subterranean, highly volatile and hydrophobic spores

what are some characteristics of spike mosses (Selaginellaceae)?

terrestrial or rarely epiphytic perennials, roots present on stems, either prostrate or erect, small leaves with scale like ligule on upper surface, spores borne on strobili with both megasporangia and microsporangia

what are some characteristics of horsetails(equisetaceae)?

terrestrial or aquatic perennial (1 annual), often evergreen, above ground stems are green, jointed, hollow, + longitudinally ribbed, stems either unbranched or branched in whorls, rhizomes with numerous roots, leaves reduced to non photosynthetic scales often fused into a sheath, terminal strobilus

what are some characteristics of wisk ferns (psilotaceae)?

terrestrial/epiphytic, rhizomes but not roots, mycorrhizal fungi, stems photosynthetic, dichotomously branched, scale-like growths, no leaves, spores borne in clusters of 2-3 sporangia

what are some characteristics of maiden hair ferns and brakes (pteridaceae)?

small generally, terrestrial or epipetric, perennial (1 annual), stems erect or decumbent, fronds with many small pinnae, roots with scales, veins in pinnae are dichotomously branched, sori are usually linear on edges of pinna protected by a false indusium

what are some characteristics of wood ferns(aspleniaceae)?

terrestrial or epiphytic perennials, stout, creeping rhizomes, variable in size, roots do not have scales, but stipes do, either sori centrally located on pinna w/ indusium or separate sterile and fertile fronds

what are some characteristics of tree ferns(cyatheaceae)?

palm-like stem + upright growth form, leaves are scaled, sori are central on pinna, lack indusium, up to 25m tall

what are some characteristics of pepperworts or clover ferns (marsileaceae)?

aquatic or rooted in mud, perennials w/ long slender creeping rhizome, leaves either long narrow and grass-like or w/ pinna (2 or 4), sori enclosed in basal sporocarps

what are some characteristics of water ferns (salviniaceae)?

very small, feather-like, floating aquatic plants, horizontal stems with tiny over lapping scale-like fronds, short hanging roots

what are the cones of sporophytes made up of?

sporophylls

what is the female sporophyll called?

megasporophyll

what is the male sporophyll called?

microsporophyll

what are the characteristics of gymnosperms?

all woody, dense strobili, pollen grain that directly contacts female gametophyte, no double fertilization (except Ephedra), absence of vessel elements (except gnetophytes), absence of companion cells, have albuminous cells which work the same but have a different cellular origin

what are some characteristics of cycads(cycadaceae)?

palm-like trees up to 15m or fern-like from rhizomes, no vessels, trunks clothed w/ persistent leaf bases, fire adapted (rhizomes thickened + persistent leaf bases protect apical meristem), leaves large and pinnate, leaves circinate, leaflets with a single mid vein, no lateral veins, dioecious,

what are some characteristics of Zamias(zamiaceae)?

fern-like from a rhizome or palm-like, up to 18m, large pinnate leaves with sheathing bases, leaflets have prominent parallel veins, both mega- and micro-sporophylls are compact and blocky

what are some characteristics of ginkgos (Ginkgoaceae)?

erect deciduous trees, leaves broad and fan shaped with dichotomous venation, sperm multi ciliated, outer part of seed becomes thick + fleshy, dioecious

what are some characteristics of pines (pinaceae)?

short shrubs to tall trees, typical evergreen, resinous, Monoecious, leaves are linear or needle-like, leaves spirally arranged, woody cones with thin sporophylls

what are some characteristics of junipers (Cupressaceae)?

low, spreading shrubs to very tall trees, evergreen, monecious or dioecious, Linear, scale-like, or needle-like leaves, leaves decussate, woody cones with blocky sporophylls or semi-fleshy cones

what are some characteristics of yews (Taxaceae)?

low, spreading, evergreen shrubs, monoecious or dioecious, leaves linear or needle-like, leaves spirally arranged, often 2-ranked, ovule is surrounded by a fleshy aril

what are some characteristics of monkey puzzle trees(Araucariaceae)?

Monoecious or dioecious trees, leaves linear or broadly needle-like, leaves spirally arranged, highly resinous, large megasporophylls that are woody and break apart at maturity

what are some characteristics of yellowwoods (podocarpaceae)?

shrubs or trees up to 60m, mostly dioecious, slightly resinous, leaves broad to linear, leaves are persistent, strobilus has a fleshy base

what are some characteristics of mormon teas (Ephedraceae)?

shrubs with jointed, photosynthetic stems, leaves are opposite or whorled but reduced to non-photosynthetic scales at the nodes, xeromorphic, mostly dioecious, female strobili either scale-like or aril-like, double fertilization, cones are axial

what are some characteristics of gnetum (gnetaceae)?

mostly lianas (woody vine that occupies the forest canopy), broad dicot-like opposite leaves, vessels in wood, cones with fleshy aril-like bases

what are some characteristics of Welwitschia(Welwitschiaceae)?

<1m tall, 2 leaves, leaves can be >5m long, prominent taproot, dioecious, cones that produce nectar, vessels