Flashcards Health Science Test II

Elasticity

The ability of tissue to return to its original shape after being stretched or compressed.

Inelasticity

When tissue does not return to its original shape after being stretched or damaged.

Snapback

The ability of tissue to stretch and return to its normal state.

Abrasion

Scraping or removing the top layer of skin.

Laceration

A cut or tear in skin tissue with irregular edges.

Puncture

A wound caused by a sharp object entering the skin.

Hemorrhage

Loss of blood caused by damaged blood vessels.

Capillary bleeding

Blood slowly oozes from small blood vessels.

Venous bleeding

Blood flows from a damaged vein; darker red in color.

Arterial bleeding

Bright red blood that spurts or pulses from an artery.

Internal bleeding

Bleeding that occurs inside the body.

External bleeding

Bleeding that occurs outside the body.

Avulsion

Tissue being forcibly torn away from the body.

Dislocation

When a bone is forced completely out of its joint.

Stress fracture

A small crack in a bone caused by overuse.

Strain

An injury to a muscle or tendon.

Sprain

An injury to a ligament.

Diaphysis

The shaft or middle portion of a bone.

Epiphysis

The enlarged ends of bones, usually where joints form.

Ligaments

Connective tissue that connects bone to bone.

Tendons

Connective tissue that connects muscle to bone.

Universal precautions

Safety precautions used to prevent the spread of infection to other people.

What should you assume about all blood?

Treat all blood as potentially infectious.

What protective equipment helps prevent bloodborne exposure?

Gloves and other protective equipment.

What should you do after possible blood exposure?

Wash your hands.

OSHA

Occupational Safety and Health Administration.

What does OSHA do?

Establishes workplace safety standards to prevent bloodborne pathogen exposure.

How long can Hepatitis B survive outside the body?

At least 7 days.

Can Hepatitis B still spread outside the body?

Yes, it can remain infectious.

Who is at risk of Hepatitis B infection?

Unvaccinated individuals exposed to the virus.

What is a pathogen?

A microorganism that can cause disease.

What bodily fluid can contain bloodborne pathogens?

Semen, vaginal secretions, cerebrospinal fluid, synovial fluid

What are four baseball positions that require a helmet?

Batter, catcher, base runners, and on-deck batter.

Vital signs

Measurements used to check basic body functions. (heart rate, bp, resp rate, body temp)

Heart rate (pulse)

The number of heartbeats per minute.

Respiratory rate

The number of breaths taken per minute.

Blood pressure

The force of blood pushing against artery walls.

Body temperature

A measurement of how warm or cool the body is.

Inflammatory phase

The first healing stage; begins immediately after injury.

What happens during the inflammatory phase?

Swelling, redness, and warmth occur as the body responds to injury.

What does the body do during the inflammatory phase?

Begins cleaning up damaged tissue.

Proliferation phase

The healing stage when new tissue begins forming.

What happens during the proliferation phase?

Collagen is produced and damaged tissue is replaced.

Maturation phase

The healing stage when tissue strengthens and returns toward normal function.

What happens during the maturation phase?

Tissue strengthens and returns toward normal function.

What are the stages of infection?

Incubation, prodromal, acute, decline, and recovery.

Incubation stage

The time between infection and the beginning of symptoms.

How long can the incubation stage last?

From hours to months, depending on the infection.

Prodromal stage

The stage when early symptoms appear and the pathogen multiplies.

Is the prodromal stage contagious?

Yes, it can be contagious.

Acute stage

The stage when the disease reaches its greatest development.

When is a disease often most severe?

During the acute stage.

Decline stage

The stage when symptoms begin to decrease and recovery starts.

What is a risk during the decline stage?

Relapse can occur.

Recovery stage

The final stage when the body recovers.

What is the difference between acute and chronic?

Acute starts suddenly and is short-term; chronic develops slowly and lasts a long time.

Acute condition

A condition that starts suddenly and lasts a short time.

Chronic condition

A condition that develops slowly and lasts a long time.

Grade 1 muscle strain

Mild pain with a small amount of muscle damage.

Grade 2 muscle strain

Moderate pain, swelling, and weakness.

Grade 3 muscle strain

A complete tear of a muscle or tendon.

Biomechanics

The study of forces and their effects on the human body.

What external force causes an internal reaction in the body?

A load.

Load

An external force applied to the body.

Stress

An internal force or reaction caused by an external load.

Tension

A pulling force that stretches tissue.

Shearing force

A force that causes tissues or surfaces to slide past each other.

Example of tension

A pulling force that stretches a muscle or other tissue.

Example of shearing

Skin rubbing or sliding against another surface.

Example of a load

Landing from a jump or squatting with a barbell.

What is the difference between load and stress?

Load is the external force; stress is the internal reaction.

What are oceanic tectonic plates primarily made of?

Igneous rock (basalt).

What are the 10 components listed in the notes?

Structural integrity, pain reduction, ROM, muscular strength, muscular endurance, speed, power, coordination, agility, and cardiovascular endurance.

Structural integrity

The ability of body structures and tissues to maintain their strength and support.

Pain reduction

Decreasing pain to improve movement and function.

ROM (range of motion)

The amount of movement possible at a joint.

Muscular strength

The ability of a muscle to produce force.

Muscular endurance

The ability of muscles to perform repeated contractions over time.

Speed

The ability to move quickly.

Power

The ability to produce force quickly.

Coordination

The ability to use body parts together smoothly.

Agility

The ability to change direction quickly and efficiently.

Cardiovascular endurance

The ability of the heart and lungs to support prolonged activity.

What are the three energy systems?

Phosphagen, anaerobic glycolysis, and aerobic.

Phosphagen energy system

The fastest energy system; supplies immediate energy for short bursts.

Anaerobic glycolysis

Provides energy for short, intense activities without requiring oxygen.

Aerobic energy system

Uses oxygen to provide energy for longer-duration activities.

Which energy system is the fastest?

Phosphagen system.

Which energy system is used for short, intense activity?

Anaerobic glycolysis.

Which energy system is used for long-duration activity?

Aerobic system.