IM3-adaptive immunity

what are the limitations of the innate system 

what is the adaptive immune system 

its the individual response to specific antigen exposure its capable of change during response- adaptation 
its characteristics/things we want from it:

• antigen specificity 

• diversity 

• immunological memory 

• self/non-self recognition 

what are the general function/roles of the B- lymphocytes 

• they recognise antigens using surfacereceptors which are antibodies themselves 

• once the b-cell has recognised it it undergoes endocytoses- it takes it inside of the b-cell and cuts it into fragments 

• these fragments then get presented back on the surface of the b-cell #this then activates the t-cells 

• so theres reciprocal activation between the b and the t-cells and the activation of the b-cells produce antiboides 

where do b-lymphocytes derive from what do they have on their surface right after 

 they mature in the haemopoietic stem cells in the bone marrow and they express antibodies igM/igD on their surface

once mature in the bone marrow where do lymphocytes go to 

• they move out to the lymph nodes, this is where detection of antigens occur 

• this results in endocytosis and presentation of antigen fragments to t-cells which help the b-cells to produce antibodies 

what are the two things needed for b-cell activation + how it can be enhanced

engagement of its surface antibodies and costimulatory signals/help form the t-cells 
this signal can be further enhanced by complement coreceptors.
this may cause too much inflammation and response 

explain the down regulation of b-cell activation 

• the engagement of the FC receptors which bind onto the FC regions of the antibody switch the b-cells off 

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what are the common feature/ role  of antibodies 

• they have specific recognition to antigens 

• they can target circulating microbes and toxins for phagocytosis 

what are the two different types of immunity produced by vaccination

active-inactivated pathogens are given to stimulate antibodies production

passive-antibodies are injected directly into the patient

describe the structure of antibodies

IgM- They have high avidity, so they can bind a lot of antigens but the low affinity means they bind weakly 
overtime class switching can happen and it can swich to a different class which has a low adidity but a high affinity

what are the different types/classes of antibodies and where are they found/what are they used for 

what are the main FC mediated effector functions of IgG,IgM and IgE

• the fc region of an antibody binds to FC receptors or complement proteins to trigger immune responses 

• IgG- binds fc recptors on neutrophils and marophages-> phagocytosis 

• IgE- activates mast cells and contibutes to eosinophil response -> degranulation and histamine release 

• IgM and IgG- can tigger complemnt activation 

• IgG= gobble microbes 

• IgE= allergy 

• IgM=complement 

how can antibodies be used by us as tools

how are monoclonal antibodies made 

• take a different species e.g. a mouse and inject the antigen into them 

• the mouse then makes antibodies  against it 

• we fuse these  antiboides with tumor cells( long living )  to make hybriomas 

• these are then grwon up in culture and then they secrete out monoclonal antibodies .