Biology - Diversity of life

11U Biology.

Domains of life? (Three).

Bacteria, Archaea, and Eukarya.

Two kingdoms of Monera?

Eubacteria and Archaebacteria.

What are the six kingdoms?

Animalia, Plantae, Fungi, Protista, Archaea, and eubacteria.

Two kingdoms of Aristotle and fact.

First grouping division. Plantae and Animalia.

Who was Carl Linnaeus?

250 years ago, he developed a seven level classification system. Published systems Naturae.

What is taxonomy?

Science of naming, identifying, and classifying species.

Eight levels of Classification?

Domain, Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus Species.

Human classification name:

Animalia, Chordata, Mammalia, Primaten, Hominidae, homo, sapiens.

What is the Binomial Nomenclature?

Genus capitalized, and species lower case both italicized and combined.

Which 3 kingdoms were added after?

Protista, Monera, Fungi.

Prokaryotes.

Prokaryotes: Eubacteria and Archaebacteria.
- DNA not in nucleus, 1-10 um, No cell division, unicellular, Asexual, Limited organelles, and Anaerobic oxygen.

Eukaryotes.

Eukaryotes: Animalia, Plantae, Protista, and Fungi.
- DNA in nucleus, 100-1000 um, mitosis cell division, mostly multi-cellular, Sexual or Asexual reproduction, numerous organelles, and Aerobic oxygen.

Phylogeny.

- Evolutionary developed of a group of organisms.

What is a phylogenetic Tree?

Diagram that displays evolutionary relationships between organisms based on shared features that connect back to common ancestors.

What is a Cladogram?

Diagram that displays relationship of morphological structures on different organisms.

What is a dichotomous key?

Diagram that subdivides group of organisms through contrasting traits.

Characteristics of Animalia?

Eukaryotic, multicellular, lack cell walls, heterotrophs, motile at some life cycle point, diffusion of CO2 and O2 in and out of system, requires water.

Vertebrates vs. Invertebrates?

Vertebrates - With a backbone. Chordata phylum: fish, reptiles, birds, and mammals.
Invertebrates - Without a backbone. 98% of all Animalia.

Mammal Characteristics?

All have backbones, hinged jaws, two set of limbs, lungs, egg development, generate body heat in cell metabolism, and secrete milk.

Mammal Groups?

Marsupials - Young carried in pouch. (Kangaroos and koalas).
Placentals - Fetus carried in womb. (Humans and dogs).
Monotremes - Lays eggs. (Platypus and echidna).

Characteristics of Plantae.

Eukaryotic, multicellular, cellulose cell walls, autotrophs via photosynthesis, contain chlorophyll, diffusion of CO2 and O2 in and out of organism, requires water.

Classes of plantae?

Non vascular: Bryophytes.
Vascular: Ferns, Gymnosperms, and Angiosperms.

Characteristic of Non-vascular plants (Bryophytes).

- No fully developed roots, leaves, stems.
-No transport system.
- Grown in moist places.
- Intake of water/solutes via osmosis and diffusion.
- Limited size and structure.

Vascular plants.

1. Ferns - no seeds.
2. Gymnosperms - naked seeds (cones).
3. Angiosperms - covered seeds (fruits.

Angiosperms: Monocots & Dicots.

Monocots: one seed leaf or cotyledon. Flower parts multiples of 3.
Dicots: two seed leaves or cotyledons. Flower parts multiples of 4 and 5.

Characteristics of Fungi.

Multicellular or some unicellular heterotrophs that cannot photosynthesize.

Structure of Fungi.

Bodies made up of hyphae that are divided into cells by septas which are made up of chitin (complex sugar). The mushroom is reproductive part of whole fungus while the network of hyphae is called a mycelium.

How Fungi Feed.

1. saprophytes: breaks down dead or decay matter.
2. Release digestive enzymes to reabsorb dissolved nutrients. This is called extracellular digestion.

Harmful Fungi?

Some fungi are parasites causing diseases such as athlete's foot and ring worm. Parasitic fungi reproduce hyphae called haustoria that penetrate hosts cells without immediate kill to release digestive enzymes below surface.

Reproduction of Fungi.

Both Asexual and sexual.
Asexual methods:
Fragmentation: Pieces of hyphae broken off to grow new mycelia.
Spore formation: Windblown reproductive cell to be dispersed to new locations and grown.

Classification of Fungi.

Zygospore Fungi, Club Fungi, Sac Fungi, and Chytrids.

Zygospore Fungi.

- Multicoloured - green, black, brown...
- Includes bread mould and other saprophytes.

Club Fungi.

- Includes mushrooms on lawns, bracket fungi on dead tree trunks, puffballs, and stinkhorns on woodland floors.

Sac Fungi.

- Largest group.
- Powdery mildews on leaves to morels and truffles used in meals.
- Penicillin derived from this.

Chytrids.

- Microscopic fungi in aquatic systems.
- Only fungi with flagellated spores.
- Related to global frog deaths.

Characteristics of Protistas.

- All eukaryotic, multicellular or unicellular, reproduce asexually or sexually, cell walls or no cell walls, motile or not, photosynthesize or not.

Animal-like protists.

Scavengers: ingest materials in surroundings.
Predators: Hunt smaller organisms.

Characteristics of Animal-like protists.

Flagellates, Sarcodines, Ciliates, and Sporozoans.

Flagellates.

- Has flagellas that propel them forward.
Ex. Trypanosoma brucei.
- causes African sleeping sickness.
=spends part of life cycle in salivary glands of tsetse flies.

Sarcodines.

- Move and engulf prey by producing pseudopodia. (Limb-like extension).
- Can be spread through contaminated water/food.
Ex. Entamoeba hystolitica.
- feeds on lining of human guts causing illness called amoebic dysentery.

Ciliates.

- covered by hundreds of cilia that propels them in water.
- also helps seep food particles in paramecium's gullet, leading to a food vacuole.
Ex. Balantidium coli.
- Lives in large intestine causing diarrhea.

Sporozoans.

- Group of parasites forming spores in some point of life cycle.
Ex. Plasmodium vivax.
- Causes one type of malaria in humans.

Characteristics of Plant-like protists.

- Simple aquatic chlorophyll-containing organisms that range from single cells to giant seaweeds 60m in length. Lacks leaves, stems, roots, and water conducting tissues of true plants.

Plant-like protists examples.

Green Algae, Brown Algae, Red Algae, and Diatoms.

Green Algae.

- Has same types of chlorophyll and colour as most land plants.
- Cell walls contain cellulose storing food in starch form.
- Commonly found in freshwater.

Brown Algae.

- Commonly called seaweeds.
- Cell walls made of cellulose and alginic acid.
Algenic acid = chemical helping with skin regeneration and renewal.

Red Algae.

- Multicellular seaweeds mainly found in warmer seawater.
- Used to make agar.

Diatoms.

- Most abundant unicellular algae in oceans.
- Biggest components of plankton.
- Major source of atmospheric oxygen.

Characteristics of Fungi-like protists.

- Produces spores and glides to ingest food.
- Has cellulose cell walls.
- Water moulds.
Ex. Irish Potato famine.
- People became dependant on potatoes due to easy growth, and P. infestans contracted through cow manure from local farm had gotten into the water stream. This poisoned everyone who ate potatoes.

Characteristics of Archeabacteria.

- Prokaryotic cells, no nucleus, few organelles, single chromosome loop, cell wall not made of peptidoglycan, unicellular.

3 examples of Archaebacteria.

Thermophiles, Methanogens, and Halophiles.

Thermophiles.

- In extreme hot environments such as volcanoes or hot springs.

Methanogens.

- Lives on carbon dioxide, hydrogen gas, and produces methane.
- Lives in deep sea vents and intestines of animals such as cows.

Halophiles.

- Lives in salty environment like salt flats of Bolivia.
- Impressive survivability in salty environment.

Characteristics of Eubacteria.

- Prokaryotic cells, no nucleus, few organelles, sing chromosome loop, cell wall made of peptidoglycan, unicellular.

Classification of Eubacteria.

- Classified by shape and grouping pattern. Ex. Streptococcus. Group name goes first and shape name are combined second.

Reproduction of Eubacteria.

- Asexually by binary fission.
- Cell division where parent cell duplicates DNA and divides forming two identical cells.
- Conjugation.
- Two merging bacteria by a cytoplasmic bridge to share genetic material.
- overuse of antibiotics in human influences antibiotic resistance.

Helpful Bacteria.

Saprophytes, Detoxification, Probiotic Agents, and Industrial uses.

Saprophytes.

- Some able to digest materials leading to nutrient cycling within soil.

Detoxification.

- Some bacteria able to consume and digest harmful toxins.

Probiotic Agents.

- Some bacteria benefit function of human digestive system.
- Helps breaks down milk.

Industrial Uses.

- some eubacteria used to make commercial products.
Ex. Soy sauce.

Harmful Bacterias.

Streptococcus pyogenes (Strep throat), Yersinia pestis (Bubonic plague), Clostridium tetani (Tetanus), and Clostridium botulinum (Botulism).

Wakerton study?

- Nearby farm runoff leaked into water pipes causing E. coli outbreak in town water.

Symbiotic relationship.

- Parasitism, commensalism, mutualism.

Parasitism.

- Symbiotic relationship in which one organism benefits at the expense of another.

Commensalism.

- Symbiotic relationship in which one organism benefits and the other is unaffected.

Mutualism.

- Symbiotic relationship in which both organisms benefit.

Antibiotic resistance.

- Bacteria develop resistance to antibiotic through random mutations, conjugations, and human influence.
Ex. Not finishing prescription drugs, over scribing antibiotics.

Biodiversity.

- Variety of life.
- Three levels: Genetic, Species, and Ecosystem.

Immune System?

- function is to protect body against infections by producing white blood cells that make antibodies.

Antibodies.

- y-shaped proteins produced by white blood cells that attach to antigens.
antigens= protein on a virus.

Types of Immunity.

Naturally Acquired Active Immunity, Artificially Acquired Active Immunity, Artificially Acquired Passive Immunity, Naturally Acquired Passive Immunity.

Naturally Acquired Active Immunity.

- Getting illness and becomes immune by developing antibodies.

Artificially Acquired Active Immunity.

- Vaccine to become immune.

Artificially Acquired Passive Immunity.

- Short term immunity through injection or ingestion.

Naturally Acquired Passive Immunity.

Antibodies passed to fetus (short term immunity).

Variolation.

- Rubbing dried scabs of illness against the open wound.

Vaccination.

- Injection made of specific weakened disease-causing microorganism given to people before-hand to build immunity.

Biodiversity Decrease.

Habitat change, overexploitation, pollution, invasive species, and climate change.

Virus Structure.

Protein shell surround DNA and very small.

Four types of structures of Viruses.

Icosohedron, Helical, Complex, and Enveloped.

Icosohedron.

- Equilateral triangles fused in spherical shape.

Helical

- Protein capsize with central cavity in various shapes: straight, curved, and branching.

Complex.

- Combination of Icosohedron and helical.

Enveloped.

- Icosohedron or helical structure surrounded by lipid bilayer membrane.

Replication of a Virus.

Lytic cycle and Lysogenic cycle.

Lytic cycle.

Attachment, Penetration, Synthesis, Assembly, Lysis.

Lysogenic cycle.

- Coexists with cell without apparent harm and replicates DNA along with host DNA passing to daughter cell until triggered.

Infection.

- Entry of all or part of virus into cell.

Transmission.

- Mechanism of virus spreading.

Virus can be spread by:

Direct contact, air, water/food, and faces.

Infection results.

1. No apparent effects.
- Viral nucleic acid associates with nucleic acid of host.
2. Virus changes cell.
- Viral nucleic acid associates with nucleic acid of host.
- Cell divides, changes appearance, forms tumor.
3. Cell death.
- Viral nucleic acid associates with nucleic acid.
- rapid reproduction of virus causes lysis.

Incubation.

- Time between infected to first appearance of symptoms.

Communicability.

Time of contagious and able to transmit virus.

Epidemic.

- Disease or infection widely spread in community at a time.

Pandemic.

- Disease or infection prevalent to whole country or world.

Kingdoms inventors.

Aristotle: Plantae and Animalia.
Carl Linnaeus: high classification system.
Ernst Haeckel: Protista.
Herbert Copeland: Monera.
Robert Wittaker: Fungi.
Carl Woese: Eubacteria, Archaebacteria.