research exam1

Method of tenacity

Information is excepted as true, because it has always been believed, or because superstition supports it

Method of intuition

Information is excepted on the basis of a hunch, or gut feeling

Method of authority

Rely on information from an expert in the subject

Method of faith

Similar to method of authority on questionable trust in certain figures

rational method

Seeking answers by logical reasoning

Premise statements

Facts or assumptions that are presumed to be true

Argument

Set of premise statements, logically, combined to give conclusion

Empirical method

Observation or direct sensory experience

Scientific method

Approach to acquiring knowledge , Using observations, to develop a hypothesis, use hypothesis to make logical predictions that can be empirically tested, new observations lead to new hypothesis

Induction reasoning

Relatively small set of specific observations equal general statement

Variables

Other factors associated/possibly affecting your observation

Hypothesis

Statement that describes a relationship between variables

Prediction

Statement bout expected results

Deductive reasoning

General statement as the basis for reaching a conclusion

Pseudoscience

System of ideas often presented as science, but lack key components essential to scientific method

Quantitative research

Measuring variables to obtain scores using numerical values

Qualitative research

Based on making observations, then summarized into narrative report

universalism

Scientific observations via accepted methods

Communality

Methods and results are to be shared openly/replicated by others

Disinterestedness

No agenda, other than truth

Organized scepticism

Ideas are evaluated /Available for peer review

Falsifiable

Data can reveal whether they are true or fiction

Testable hypothesis

All variables event, events and individuals can be defined and observed

4 goals of scientific research

Describe, predict, determine cause, understand/explain - BEHAVIOUR

Critera for casual claims

Cause is present, effect occurs, temporal effect, no alternative explanations

Refutable hypothesis

Can be demonstrated to be false a.k.a. outcome different from prediction

Theory

Set of statements about the Mechanisms underlying or particular behaviour

Construct

Hypothetical attributes help explain/predict behaviour in a theory

Operational definition

Procedure for indirectly, measuring and defying a variable that cannot be observed or measured directly

Validity

Degree to which the measurement process measures the variable that it claims to measure

Face validity

Superficial appearance does it look like it measures X?

Content validity

Has all aspects listed and included

Concurrent validity

Establishes consistency between two different procedures for measuring the same variable

Predictive validity

Measurements of a construct accurately predict behaviour

Construct validity

Demonstrate that measurements of a variable behaving exactly the same way as the variable itself

Convergent validity

Strong relationship between the score scores obtained from two or more different methods of measuring the same construct

Divergent/ discriminatory validity

Little or no relationship between the measurements of two different constructs

Reactivity

Ppl behave differently bc they know theyre being measured

Reliability

Stability or consistency of the measure measures should be identical

test, retest reliability

Comparing scores obtained from two successive measurements of the same individual calculating correlation between the two sets of scores

Inter raider reliability

Degree of agreement between two observers with simultaneously required measurements of those behaviour

Split half reliability/internal consist.

Splitting the items on a questionnaire or test in half separate score for each then calculating degree of consistency between the two

Cronbachs alpha

Calculating average of every possible split half combination

Research ethics

Responsibility of research to be honest/respectful of all individuals involved

Informed consent

Requires an investigator to provide all available information about a study so the individual can make a rational informed decision

Deception

Purposefully withholding information or misleading participants with regards to information about a study

Passive deception

Withholding or remitting information intentional

Active deception

Providing misinformation about the study to participants

debriefing

Post experimental explanation of the purpose of the study, especially if deception was used

Confidentiality

Keeping strictly secret and private information or measures Of an individual

Anonymity

Ensuring an individuals name is not directly associated with the information or measurement obtained

IRB – institutional review board

Committee composed of scientist and non-scientist to check if a case is ethical

IACUC – institutional animal care/use committee

Committee to examine proposed research with respect to treatment of not human subjects

Fraud

Explicit effort of researcher to falsify misrepresented data

Plagiarism

Unethical representation of someone else’s ideas or words as one’s own

Research strategy

General approach to research, determined by the kind of question that The research Study hopes to answer

Research Design

General plan for implementing a research Strategy – specifies whether study will involve groups or individuals comparison between groups how many variables

Research procedure

Exact step-by-step description of the specific research study

Experimental research strategy

Establishes the existence of a cause-and-effect relationship between two variables

Experiment

Shows changes in one variable are directly responsible for the chance in a second

Independent variable

I vary as in i change/manipulate

Treatment condition

Situation or environment characterized by one specific value of the manipulated variable

Levels

Different values of the independent variable

dependent variable

Variable that is observed for changes

Extraneous variable

All other variables other than dv and iv

Manipulation

Identifying specific values of the iv to be examined/ set of treatment

Cofounding variable

Third variable that is allowed to change systemically along with the two variables being studied

Randomization

Use of a random process to help avoid a systematic relationships

Random assignment

Use of ranfom process to assifn participants to treatment conditions

Holding vs matching values

Holding: all things happen at same time

Matching: match the treatment??

Scatter plot

Type of graph each individual by x and y interception

Correlation coefficient

Numerical value used to measure/ describe relation between 2 V

Positive relationship

Both increase up to the right

Negative relationship

Cluster around a line that goes down to the right

Linear relationship

Data points collect near a line

Pearson correlation

Used to describe/measure linear relationships when both v r numarical

Monotonix relation

Consistently one direction + or -

Spearman correlation

Monotonic when both V are ranks from ordinal score/transformed to ranks

Coefficient of determination

Squared value of a correlation + measures percentage of variability in one B that is determined/predicted/by relation with other v

Statistical significance of a correlation

Correlation found in the sample is unlikely to be randomly produced

Predictor variable

First V used to predict X

Criteron variable

Thing being predicted (dv)

Third B problem

It is always possible that a third un identified a variable is controlling the two variables and responsible producing the observed relation

Basic research

Answers fundamental questions-testing two competing theories

Applied research

Addresses practical problems effects/causes

Program evaluation

Test if social reforms work in govi education etc

Observations

Personal/social events can lead to intuitons ab the world

Research article

Iam-mrdr ( intro-abstract-methods-results-discuss-references

PsycInfo

American psycholigcal assoc. super specilizied

Non experimental method

Studying thru observation, no causation

Experimental method

Studys r manipulated n controlled-find causal relationships

Operational def of Variable

A definition of the V aka operations/techniques used to measure/manipulate V

Reliability of Measur

Measure score = true score + error

Measurement error

An error in a measurement due to some variable (true score sometimes has to account for this in its calculation)

Curvilinear relationship

One variable increases-other does both

Personal correlation coefficient

Used to measure relationships

Covariation

When values of one v tend to + or - as the other v does the same

Issues w/ methods

Artificiality n ethics

Field experiment

Iv is manipulated in natural setting