Chpt. 8 energy + enzymes

potential energy

energy to do work

ex. glucose, fats, ion gradients

kinetic energy

movement energy

ex. active transport, osmosis, enzymes

thermal energy

kinetic energy associated with random movement and breaking of bonds

exergonic reaction

net release of heat into surroundings

endergonic reaction

absorb energy from surroundings

ex. cold packs

anabolism

requires energy to produce larger molecules , absorbs energy

catabolism

hydrolysis of larger molecules into smaller molecules, releases energy

synthesis

monomers join together to form a polymer.

new bonds are formed by adding water molecules, chemical breakdown occurs

energy is released as heat energy and then transferred into ATP

hydrolysis

water is used to break bonds, polymer turns into monomer

ATP

helps transport molecules in and out of the cell, consumed for energy in the process

ATP hydrolysis

ATP can be hydrolyzed to ADP and Pi by addition of water, releasing energy

Enzymes

made up of proteins, speeds up chemical reaction, lowers activation energy, increases rate of reaction, can be reused (acts as a catalyst, so not used in chemical reaction)

substrate

molecule that enters active site and reacts with enzyme

any molecule that is chemically worked on

active site

region of enzyme where substrate molecule bonds and undergoes chemical reaction.

denaturation

enzyme loses its 3d structure, cannot bind to substrate and increases rate of reactqion

bonds are broken and it stops to function

when do enzymes undergo denaturation?

when exposed to extreme conditions (like high temps or pH)

cofactors

nonproteins that tightly bind with enzyme

ex. heavy metals like fe, cu, zn

coenzymes

small organic compounds that carry chemical groups between enzymes

ex. vitamins

competitive inhibitor

blocks the active site

noncompetetive inhibitor

binds away from active site (changes shape of active suite, substrate cannot bind properly)

optimal enzyme activity

operates in narrow temp/pH range

doesn’t break apart every bond, just the H+ bonds bc of protein unfolding

carbonic anhydrase

specific enzyme for specific substrate

CO2 + H2O —> H2CO3—> H+ + HCO3-