Chapter 9: Immune System + Mechanisms of Defense

Pathogens

Disease creating agent; made up of living organisms (bacteria, fungi, parasites) and non-living organisms (viruses and prions)

Bacteria

Prokaryote with rapid reproduction

Cocci/coccus

Ball-shaped bacteria; strep, staph, MrSa, ect.

Baccilus

Rod-shaped bacteria; E-coli, samonella, ect.

Spiralium

Spiral/wiggley-shaped bacteria; Lyme disease

Virus

Non-living; Genetic material covered with a protein coat

Modes of entry for a virus

Endocytosis, virus membrane merger, and viral penetration

Prions

Infectious proteins, incorporates itself in the brain and unravels brain proteins; creates holes in the brain; resistant to almost everything

Determination of Health Risk

Transmissibility, mode of transportation, and virulence

Transmissibility

Factor in determining health risk; how easily it is passed

Mode of transportation

Factor in determining health risk; how it’s passed (oral, respiratory, etc..)

Lymphatic system functions

Maintenance of blood volume in cardiovascular system; transport of fats; filteration of foreign material to defend against infection

Lymph

Excess interstial fluid that capillaries did not pick up; flow towards the heart

Lymphocytes

Immune memory + makes antibodies

Macrophages

Monocyte, stays in tissues and eats invadersL

Lymp nodes

Lymphocytes —> Macrophages covered with connective tissue; continuously cleans fluid as it travels to the heart (right atrium)

Spleen

Filters old, damaged, or infected red blood cells; located in upper left abdomen

Thymus gland

Matures T-cells lymphocytes; located in the base of the heart

Tonsils

Filters out pathogens that enter via the nose or mouth; lymph node material in the pharynx

Tonsilitis

Strep infection of tonsils

1st ISLOD

Physical/chemical barriers; keep pathogens out

2nd ISLOD

Non-specific line of defense; no time to identify, attack at point of entry

Phagocytosis

Neutrophils, macrophages, and eosinophils

Neutrophils

1st responders to site of infection; eats pathogens

Macrophages

In tissues; eats pathogens

Eosinophils

Attacks allergens and parasites

Inflamation

Red, swollen, painful, and warm; lets attacker cells know where the pathogens are

Natural Killer cells

“Sniper” lymphocytes; shoots out enzymes that kill virus infected cells and tumor cells, makes them explode

Compliment System