[06.02] CMD - Visual Impairment in the Philippines V2.pdf

Seeing or vision

Which sensory input provides a very significant part of the information gathered from the world around us?

Visually-intensive

How is the process of learning characterized in relation to visual sensory processing?

Eye signals processed by the brain

On what sensory mechanism do humans rely to gather and process environmental information?

2.2 billion

What is the estimated number of people globally who have visual impairment?

Half or 50%

What proportion of globally visually impaired individuals remain untreated?

2018

In what year was the referenced local Philippine visual impairment study conducted?

2 million

How many Filipinos were estimated in 2018 to have uncorrected error of refraction, glaucoma, and maculopathy?

Error of refraction, glaucoma, and maculopathy

What three specific ocular conditions affected 2 million Filipinos in the 2018 study?

Over 4 million

How many Filipinos were estimated in 2018 to have undiagnosed eye problems?

Larger or increased

How are the current numbers of visually impaired Filipinos expected to compare to the 2018 study data?

Delayed development

What developmental impact does visual impairment cause in children?

Lower levels of educational achievement

What academic impact does visual impairment cause in pediatric populations?

Heavily visual nature of schools

Why does visual impairment severely impact educational progress in children?

Lower rates of employment

What economic impact does visual impairment have on working-age adults?

Educational status or achievement

What factor partially contributes to the lower employment rates among visually impaired adults?

Higher rates of depression and anxiety

What psychological impacts are observed in adults with visual impairment?

Increased social isolation

What psychosocial effect occurs in geriatric populations with visual impairment?

Difficulty moving around and reluctance to depend on others

Why do visually impaired older adults often socially isolate and remain at home?

Difficulty walking and limited mobility

What physical movement challenges affect older adults with visual impairment?

Higher risk of falls and fractures

What physical trauma risks are elevated in visually impaired geriatric patients?

Early entry into nursing or care homes

What institutional outcome is more likely for older adults with severe visual impairment?

RA 7277

Which Republic Act is known as the Magna Carta for Disabled Persons?

1992

In what year was Republic Act 7277 enacted?

Promote rehabilitation, self-development, and self-reliance

What is the primary purpose of RA 7277 regarding persons with disabilities?

Integrate PWDs into society's mainstream

What is the ultimate societal objective of RA 7277?

Equal rights as non-disabled individuals

What legal standing does RA 7277 grant to persons with disabilities?

Prohibits discrimination

What protection does RA 7277 mandate across societal sectors for PWDs?

Education, employment, healthcare, and social services

What four major sectors must ensure equal access for PWDs under RA 7277?

Penalties for discrimination and public accessibility measures

What key elements were added to RA 7277 by later amendments?

Public places and transportation

Where does amended RA 7277 mandate physical accessibility improvements for PWDs?

RA 9442

Which law amended Republic Act 7277 in the year 2007?

2007

In what year was Republic Act 9442 enacted?

Provide more benefits and protections for persons with disabilities

What was the primary objective of enacting RA 9442?

20% discount

What specific discount rate was introduced under RA 9442 for PWD medicines and services?

Medicines and services

What items were originally covered by the 20% PWD discount under RA 9442?

Penalties for public ridicule

What protective legal measure against verbal or social mistreatment was implemented under RA 9442?

Greater integration and dignity for PWDs

What social goal did RA 9442 aim to promote for disabled individuals?

RA 10754

Which law expanded the benefits and privileges of persons with disability in 2016?

2016

In what year was Republic Act 10754 enacted?

Minimum 20% discount

What minimum discount rate is guaranteed to PWDs on goods and services under RA 10754?

Restaurants, transportation, and medical services

What expanded categories of goods and services were added under RA 10754 beyond medicines?

Medicine only

What was the restricted scope of the 20% PWD discount prior to the passage of RA 10754?

VAT exemption

What tax privilege was granted to PWDs for certain purchases under RA 10754?

Value-Added Tax

What does the acronym VAT stand for in PWD exemption privileges?

Educational assistance

What academic support benefit is explicitly provided to PWDs under RA 10754?

Employment incentives in certain government offices

What workplace benefit was introduced under RA 10754 to augment the existing Magna Carta?

Modern accessible public transportation

What international infrastructure feature mentioned by Dr. Franco supports blind individuals in other countries?

DOH AO-2009-0011

Which Department of Health Administrative Order governs the clinical criteria for PWD card qualification for visual disability?

Department of Health

What health agency issued Administrative Order 2009-0011?

Conflicting reports and varied agency criteria

What administrative issue originally led to PWD card distribution being used as a political tool?

Local Government Units

What does the acronym LGU stand for in the context of PWD card distribution?

Government and business sectors

Who ultimately shoulders the financial cost of PWD card discounts?

Objective clinical criteria

What basis must legally determine PWD card qualification instead of arbitrary LGU issuance?

Three criteria

At most, how many clinical criteria comprise the DOH AO-2009-0011 PWD qualification guidelines?

Either Criterion 1 OR Criterion 2, AND Criterion 3

What logical rule governs how the three DOH AO-2009-0011 criteria must be satisfied?

6/18 or worse

What visual acuity threshold in the better-seeing eye qualifies a patient under Criterion 1?

Better-seeing eye

Which eye's visual acuity is evaluated when assessing qualification under Criterion 1?

Metric Snellen fraction

What measurement system notation is used for the 6/18 acuity threshold in DOH AO-2009-0011?

Visual acuity grade of the better-seeing eye

What essential measurement must be known rather than just the prescription power of glasses?

Worse-seeing eye acuity

Which eye's visual acuity is explicitly NOT used as the basis for PWD qualification?

6/18

What visual acuity level represents the dividing line where acuity must be equal to or worse than to satisfy Criterion 1?

6/18.5 or 6/20 or 5/60

What visual acuity fraction example represents vision worse than 6/18?

6/12 or 6/15 or 6/7.5

What visual acuity fraction example represents vision better than 6/18?

High refractive power alone

What prescription characteristic does NOT automatically qualify a patient for a PWD card?

Less than 10 degrees wide

What visual field width threshold in the better-seeing eye satisfies Criterion 2?

Better-seeing eye

Which eye's visual field is evaluated when assessing qualification under Criterion 2?

10 degrees

What is the maximum visual field degree boundary permitted to qualify under Criterion 2?

Peripheral vision loss

What functional field component is severely restricted in patients meeting Criterion 2?

Central vision

Which visual field area remains clear while peripheral vision is blurred or absent in restricted field conditions?

Seeing through a hole or tunnel vision

What descriptive analogy illustrates a visual field limited to less than 10 degrees?

Walking and driving

Which two daily activities become severe safety hazards when peripheral vision is restricted?

Inability to track objects outside direct central view

How does visual field restriction manifest during sports activities like badminton?

Vision cannot be improved by eyeglasses, contact lenses, medication, or surgery

What is the exact requirement of Criterion 3?

Criterion 3

Which of the three PWD qualification criteria must ALWAYS be satisfied without exception?

Correctable refractive error

Why does a patient with a high prescription grade who achieves 20/20 with glasses fail to qualify for a PWD card?

LASIK

What refractive surgical procedure eliminates PWD qualification if it restores functional vision?

Correctable by cataract surgery

Why does a patient with bilateral cataracts and 6/60 vision NOT qualify for a PWD card prior to surgery?

Re-evaluated after surgery

When should a cataract patient's visual impairment be assessed for PWD qualification?

Retinitis pigmentosa

Which progressive retinal disease with untreatable 10-degree visual field loss qualifies a patient for a PWD card?

Untreatable nature of the visual field deficit

Why does retinitis pigmentosa meet both Criterion 2 and Criterion 3 for PWD qualification?

Acute angle closure glaucoma

Which acute ocular condition causing 6/30 vision does NOT immediately qualify a patient because it is treatable?

Medical or surgical pressure reduction

What therapeutic intervention must be attempted for acute glaucoma before assessing permanent impairment?

Monocular blindness

What term describes complete loss of vision or negative light perception in only one eye?

Better-seeing eye has vision better than 6/18

Why does a patient with complete blindness in one eye fail to qualify if their other eye is 6/12?

Legal blindness

What distinct clinical classification has criteria different from PWD visual disability under DOH AO-2009-0011?

Consult an ophthalmologist

What action should be taken when in doubt about a patient's PWD visual disability eligibility?

20%

What is the minimum discount percentage granted to PWD cardholders for goods and services?

DOH AO-2009-0011

What official administrative regulation defines visual disability eligibility in the Philippines?

Both visual acuity/field limitation AND uncorrectability

What combination of factors must coexist for a patient to receive a PWD card for visual disability?

Medical, surgical, or optical correction

What three therapeutic modalities must fail to improve vision for a condition to be deemed uncorrectable?

False

True or False: Senior citizens use PWD cards exclusively for medicine discounts.

False

True or False: Blindness in only one eye automatically qualifies a patient for a PWD card.

False

True or False: A patient with an eye grade of -8.00 automatically qualifies for a PWD card.

False

True or False: Local Government Units have the legal authority to bypass DOH criteria when issuing PWD cards.

Magna Carta for Disabled Persons

What is the short popular title of Republic Act 7277?

RA 9442

Which law introduced the 20% discount on medicines and penalties for public ridicule of PWDs?

RA 10754

Which law added VAT exemptions and expanded PWD discounts to restaurants, transportation, and medical services?

6/18 or worse in the better-seeing eye

What visual acuity standard satisfies Criterion 1 of DOH AO-2009-0011?

Field of vision < 10 degrees in the better-seeing eye

What visual field standard satisfies Criterion 2 of DOH AO-2009-0011?

Permanent uncorrectability by optical, medical, or surgical means

What requirement satisfies Criterion 3 of DOH AO-2009-0011?