NBEO-Neuroscience (Non Big 8)

The resting potential of a neuron is approximately ___________mv.

-60 to -70 mv

Is K+ or Na+ more abundant inside a neuron?

K+

Does Na+ or K+ have a higher extracellular concentration in regards to a neuron?

Na+

When the membrane potential in a neuron overshoots during an action potential and becomes more negative than its resting state it is known as _______________.

hyperpolarization

What is the main neurotransmitter found at the neuromuscular junction?

Acetylcholine

Which lobe of the brain is Broca's area located?

Frontal lobe

Which lobe of the brain contains Wernicke's area?

Temporal lobe

Which of the following is NOT found in the temporal lobe?

A) Wernicke's area

B) Hippocampus

C) Broca's area

C) Broca's area

Does damage to Broca's area or Wernicke's area result in "broken speech"?

Broca's area

Does damage to Broca's area or Wernicke's area result in "wordy speech"?

Wernicke's area

Which artery does NOT directly supply the Circle of Willis?

A) Posterior cerebral arteries

B) Internal carotid arteries

C) Vertebral arteries

D) Anterior cerebral arteries

E) Posterior communicating arteries

C) Vertebral arteries

Which artery supplies the most regions of the brain including the frontal, temporal, parietal, and occipital lobe?

A) Anterior cerebral artery

B) Middle cerebral artery

C) Posterior cerebral artery

B) Middle cerebral artery

In a healthy person, is IOP or ICP higher?

IOP

Which of the following is NOT a cause of a compressive lesion anterior to the optic chiasm that can cause optic disc edema?

A) Myasthenia Gravis

B) Thyroid eye disease

C) Optic nerve glioma

D) Optic nerve sheath meningioma

A) Myasthenia Gravis

What is the most common cause of Arteritic anterior ischemic optic neuropathy (AAION)?

Giant cell arteritis (GCA)

Giant Cell Arteritis affects what size blood vessels?

Medium and Large

Which of the following is NOT associated with GCA?

A) Jaw claudication

B) Amaurosis fugax

C) Pulsatile tinnitus

D) Neck pain

E) Anorexia

C) Pulsatile tinnitus

An elevated ESR and CRP in a patient with unilateral disc edema is most suspicious of which systemic disease?

GCA

Which of the following is NOT used to diagnose GCA?

A) Temporal artery biopsy

B) Chest x-ray

C) ESR

D) CRP

E) Platelet count

B) Chest x-ray

Which of the following is NOT a known risk factor for NAION?

A) Hypertension

B) Diabetes mellitus

C) Giant Cell Arteritis

D) Hyperlipidemia

C (AAION)

Is the phrase "disc at risk" more associated with AAION or NAION?

NAION

When does the vision loss in NAION usually occur?

A) Lunch time

B) Dinner time

C) Upon awakening

D) Before going to sleep

C) Upon awakening

Which of the following is NOT a diagnosis of exclusion?

A) NAION

B) AAION

C) Bell's palsy

D) IIH

B) AAION

Is Diabetic papillopathy more often associated with Type 1 or Type 2 diabetes?

Type 1

Which of the following etiologies of optic nerve edema is LEAST likely to affect visual acuity?

A) NAION

B) Diabetic papillopathy

C) Optic neuritis

D) AAION

B) Diabetic papillopathy

Which of the following is NOT known to present with unilateral disc edema?

A) CRVO

B) Diabetic papillopathy

C) Papilledema

D) NAION

E) AAION

C (bilateral)

Which of the following is NOT a typical cause of hypotony?

A) Hx of trabeculectomy

B) Hx of LASIK

C) Blunt trauma

D) Intraocular inflammation

B) Hx of LASIK

Which of the following is NOT a major function of the Frontal Lobe?

A) Production of speech

B) Ipsilateral pursuits

C) Contralateral saccades

D) Planning of motor activities

B (Parietal lobe)

Which lobe of the brain is primarily responsible for initiating ipsilateral pursuits?

Parietal lobe

What are the two main arteries that supply the occipital lobe? (Choose 2)

A) Anterior cerebral artery

B) Middle cerebral artery

C) Posterior cerebral artery

D) Temporal artery

B and C

What is NOT one of the major functions of the Hypothalamus?

A) Control of sleep

B) Maintain body temperature

C) Controlling hunger

D) Controls fear

D) Controls fear

Is the Left or Right common carotid artery a branch of the Brachiocephalic trunk?

Right common carotid artery

What is the most common cause of compressive optic neuropathy?

Thyroid eye disease

The Thalamus was derived from which embryonic brain division?

A) Telencephalon

B) Diencephalon

C) Mesencephalon

D) Metencephalon

E) Myelencephalon

B) Diencephalon

The Midbrain was derived from which embryonic brain division?

A) Telencephalon

B) Diencephalon

C) Mesencephalon

D) Metencephalon

E) Myelencephalon

C) Mesencephalon

The Pons and Cerebellum were derived from which embryonic brain division?

A) Telencephalon

B) Diencephalon

C) Mesencephalon

D) Metencephalon

E) Myelencephalon

D) Metencephalon

The Medulla was derived from which embryonic brain division?

A) Telencephalon

B) Diencephalon

C) Mesencephalon

D) Metencephalon

E) Myelencephalon

E) Myelencephalon

The Cerebrum was derived from which embryonic brain division?

A) Telencephalon

B) Diencephalon

C) Mesencephalon

D) Metencephalon

E) Myelencephalon

A) Telencephalon

Optic disc drusen are ______________ bodies located within the optic disc.

hyaline bodies

Which of the following is NOT a well known inflammatory cause of unilateral optic disc edema?

A) Sarcoidosis

B) Systemic Lupus Erythematosus

C) Syphilis

D) Ulcerative Colitis

D) Ulcerative Colitis

Which condition is the MOST likely cause of an Argyll Robertson pupil?

A) Tuberculosis

B) Sarcoidosis

C) Syphilis

D) SLE

C) Syphilis

Which of the following conditions is MOST likely associated with a macular exudative star?

A) Optic disc drusen

B) NAION

C) Neuroretinitis

D) Chorioretinitis

C) Neuroretinitis

What is the MOST common cause of Neuroretinitis?

Cat scratch fever

Typical optic neuritis is associated with which systemic condition?

Multiple sclerosis

Which of the following is typically found in a patient with optic neuritis but NOT NAION?

A) Unilateral vision loss

B) APD

C) Color vision defects

D) Pain on eye movement

D) Pain on eye movement

Uhtoff's phenomenon is most associated with which diagnosis?

A) NAION

B) AAION

C) Papilledema

D) Optic Neuritis

D) Optic neuritis (MS)

_________________ phenomenon is the sensation of an electric shock that quickly travels down the back and into the limbs with flexure of the neck and is associated with Multiple Sclerosis.

Lhermitte's phenomenon

Bilateral INO is most suggestive of which of the following conditions?

A) SLE

B) Multiple sclerosis

C) Tuberculosis

D) Sarcoidosis

B) Multiple sclerosis

Which of the following is NOT associated with Multiple Sclerosis?

A) Lhermitte's phenomenon

B) Macular exudative star

C) Uhtoff's phenomenon

D) Bilateral INO

B) Macular exudative star

Which of the following is NOT true regarding Thyroid eye Disease?

A) It is often worse at the end of the day

B) It can cause unilateral disc edema

C) It is associated with proptosis and upper eyelid retraction

D) The inferior rectus and medial rectus are usually affected first

A (worse in the AM)

Which of the following is considered the most common intrinsic tumor of the optic nerve?

A) Optic nerve sheath meningioma

B) Optic nerve glioma

C) Orbital cavernous hemangioma

B) Optic nerve glioma

Which of the following is considered the most common benign orbital neoplasm found in adults?

A) Optic nerve sheath meningioma

B) Optic nerve glioma

C) Orbital cavernous hemangioma

C) Orbital cavernous hemangioma

Which of the following is NOT known to cause disc edema?

A) Melanocytoma

B) Optic nerve sheath meningioma

C) Optic nerve glioma

D) Orbital cavernous hemangioma

A) Melanocytoma

Which finding is NOT typically associated with Papilledema?

A) Bilateral disc edema

B) Severely reduced visual acuity

C) Enlarged blind spot on VF

D) Paton's lines temporal to the disc

B (relatively normal VA)

Malignant hypertension is defined as a systolic bp > ____________ mmHg and/or diastolic bp > _____________mmHg.

> 180/120 mmHg

What is the only neurological finding that can be found in a patient that is diagnosed with Idiopathic Intracranial Hypertension?

A) CN 3 palsy

B) CN 4 palsy

C) CN 6 palsy

D) Skew deviation

C) CN 6 palsy

Which of the following medications is NOT associated with papilledema?

A) Tetracyclines

B) Penicillins

C) Contraceptives

D) Vitamin A

E) Naladixic acid

B) Penicillins

Which of the following is NOT associated with optic nerve pallor?

A) Leber's optic neuropathy

B) Stargardt's disease

C) Vitamin B12 deficiency

D) Ethambutol toxicity

B) Stargardt's disease

Toxic/nutritional optic neuropathy typically presents with ____________ pallor.

temporal pallor

Toxic/nutritional optic neuropathy typically presents with which type of VF defect?

Central/cecocentral

Is Orthograde degeneration caused by damage from the eye towards the brain or the brain towards the eye?

Eye towards the brain

Is Retrograde degeneration caused by damage from the eye towards the brain or the brain towards the eye?

Brain towards the eye

Which of the following is NOT considered an Orthograde degeneration etiology of the optic nerve?

A) PRP

B) CRAO

C) Pituitary tumor

D) Retinitis pigmentosa

C (Retrograde)

What is considered the most common hereditary optic atrophy?

Dominant optic atrophy

Which type of optic atrophy is due to mitochondrial DNA mutations and is inherited from the mother?

A) Retinitis pigmentosa

B) NAION

C) Neuroretinitis

D) Leber's optic neuropathy

D) Leber's optic neuropathy

______________ is a rare condition caused by a frontal lobe tumor and presents with simultaneous optic disc edema in one eye and optic disc atrophy in the fellow eye.

Foster Kennedy syndrome

Foster Kennedy syndrome is caused by a tumor in which lobe of the brain?

Frontal lobe

Which of the following congenital optic nerve anomalies is associated with a "double-ring" sign?

A) Optic nerve pit

B) Morning glory syndrome

C) Optic nerve hypoplasia

D) Optic nerve coloboma

C) Optic nerve hypoplasia

What is the most common location of an optic nerve coloboma?

A) Inferior/temporal

B) Inferior/nasal

C) Superior/nasal

D) Superior/temporal

B) Inferior/nasal

Which of the following will NOT cause an APD?

A) Dense vitreous hemorrhage

B) Retinal detachment

C) Occipital lobe stroke

D) Glaucoma

C (Posterior to the LGN)

Which of the following is NOT an example of an etiology of a miotic pupil?

A) Horner's syndrome

B) Argyll Robertson pupil

C) CN 3 palsy

D) Uveitis with posterior synechiae

C (mydriatic)

Which of the following is NOT an example of an etiology of a mydriatic pupil?

A) Horner's syndrome

B) Adie's tonic pupil

C) CN 3 palsy

D) Pharmacological dilation

A (miotic)

Internal ophthalmoplegia refers to paralysis of the ____________.

pupil

External ophthalmoplegia refers to paralysis of the __________.

EOMs

Which of the following is NOT an etiology of a pre-ganglionic Horner's syndrome etiology?

A) Neck trauma

B) Pancoast tumor

C) Carotid dissection

D) Wallenberg's syndrome

C (Post-ganglionic)

Which of the following is NOT an etiology of a post-ganglionic etiology of Horner's syndrome?

A) Carotid dissection

B) Pancoast tumor

C) Cavernous sinus fistula

D) Cavernous sinus syndrome

B (Pre-ganglionic)

Is Anhydrosis more prominent in a Pre-ganglionic or Post-ganglionic Horner's syndrome?

Pre-ganglionic

Cocaine can be used to help diagnose Horner's syndrome by inhibiting the reuptake of which NT?

Norepinephrine

Which of the following pharmacological agents will NOT cause dilation in a patient with pre-ganglionic Horner's syndrome?

A) 1% Apraclonidine

B) Cocaine

C) 1% Hydroxyamphetamine

B) Cocaine

Will a pre-ganglionic or post-ganglionic Horner's syndrome dilate with Hydroxyamphetamine?

Pre-ganglionic

A pupil involving CN 3 palsy is most concerning for an aneurysm at the location where which two arteries meet? (Choose 2)

A) Anterior communicating artery

B) Posterior communicating artery

C) Internal carotid artery

D) Basilar artery

B and C

Which Light near disassociation condition is caused by a lesion of the tectotegmental tract and is most commonly associated with neurosyphillis?

Argyll Robertson Pupil

What is the diagnostic agent of choice for a potential CN 3 palsy?

A) .125% Pilocarpine

B) 1% Pilocarpine

C) Cocaine

D) 1% Apraclonidine

B) 1% Pilocarpine

What is the diagnostic agent of choice for a potential Tonic pupil?

A) .125% Pilocarpine

B) 1% Pilocarpine

C) Cocaine

D) 1% Apraclonidine

A) .125% Pilocarpine

Which Light Near Disassociation is primarily caused by a lesion to the ciliary ganglion?

Tonic Pupil

Which of the following is NOT associated with a Tonic Pupil?

A) Vermiform movement of the iris

B) Acutely dilated pupil with light near disassociation

C) Diminished Deep tendon reflex

D) Hypersensitivity of the adrenergic receptors on the iris

D (cholinergic hypersensitivity)

Which Light Near Disassociation condition is MOST associated with a decreased deep tendon reflex?

Tonic pupil

Which of the following would you LEAST expect to cause a pharmacological dilation of a patient?

A) Over-use of Visine

B) Tropicamide

C) Scopolamine patch

D) Pilocarpine

D) Pilocarpine

What is the MOST likely etiology of a dilated pupil if it does not constrict with both .125% and 1% Pilocarpine?

A) Adie's tonic pupil

B) CN 3 palsy

C) Horner's syndrome

D) Pharmacological dilation

D) Pharmacological dilation

A dilated pupil in a comatose patient that is commonly result of an ipsilateral tumor or subdural hematoma compressing the superficial pupillary fibers of CN 3 is known as a ______________ pupil.

Hutchinson's pupil

What is the LEAST likely cause of CN 3 aberrant regeneration?

A) Tumor

B) Trauma

C) Vasculopathic (Ex: diabetes)

C (rarely vasculopathic!!)

Which CN is the most susceptible to trauma?

CN 4

What is the most common etiology of a CN 4 palsy?

Trauma

_____________ is an autoimmune condition characterized by autoantibodies directed against the acetylcholine receptors within the NMJ.

Myasthenia Gravis

Which NT is most associated with Myasthenia Gravis?

A) Dopamine

B) Serotonin

C) Acetylcholine

D) Norepinephrine

C) Acetylcholine

Which tumor is associated with Myasthenia Gravis in about 10% of patients?

Thymoma

Is Myasthenia gravis usually worse in the AM or at the end of the day?

End of the day (fatigue)

Which of the following muscles is NOT affected by Myasthenia Gravis?

A) Orbicularis oculi

B) Levator

C) Muscle of Muller

D) EOMs

C) Muscle of Muller

Does Myasthenia Gravis primarily affect voluntary or involuntary muscles?

Voluntary