ALL CH 5

condyle

smooth, rounded protuberance at a joint

crest

raised, narrow ridge (see iliac crest in FIG. 5-4)

epicondyle

projection above a condyle

facet

small, flattened surface

foramen

rounded opening (see foramen for spinal nerve in FIG. 5-3)

fossa

hollow cavity

meatus

passage or channel, such as a long channel within a bone; also the external opening of a canal, such as the urinary meatus

process

projection (see mastoid process and styloid process in FIG. 5-2)

sinus

a space or channel, such as the air-filled spaces in certain skull bones (FIG. 5-20)

spine

sharp projection (see ischial spine in FIG. 5-4)

trochanter

large, blunt projection as at the top of the femur

tubercle

small, rounded projection

tuberosity

large, rounded projection

closed fracture

a simple fracture with no open wound

Colles fracture

fracture of the distal end of the radius with backward displacement of the hand

comminuted fracture

fracture in which the bone is splintered or crushed

compression fracture

fracture caused by force from both ends, as to a vertebra

greenstick fracture

one side of the bone is broken and the other side is bent

impacted fracture

one fragment is driven into the other

oblique fracture

break occurs at an angle across the bone; usually one fragment slips by the other

open fracture

fracture is associated with an open wound, or broken bone protrudes through the skin

Pott fracture

fracture of the distal end of the fibula with injury to the tibial joint

spiral fracture

fracture is in a spiral or S shape; usually caused by twisting injuries

transverse fracture

a break at right angles to the long axis of a bone

Cranial bones

The 8 bones of the cranium that form the chamber enclosing the brain, house the ear, and form part of the eye socket.

Facial bones

The 14 bones of the facial portion that form the face and chambers for sensory organs.

Hyoid

A U-shaped bone under the mandible (lower jaw) used for muscle attachments.

Ossicles

The 3 ear bones that transmit sound waves through the middle ear.

Vertebrae

The 26 bones of the vertebral column that enclose the spinal cord.

Sternum

The anterior bone of the thorax.

Ribs

The 12 pairs of bones that enclose the organs of the thorax.

Clavicle

The bone of the shoulder girdle located anteriorly, between the sternum and scapula.

Scapula

The posterior bone of the shoulder girdle that anchors muscles that move the arm.

Humerus

The proximal arm bone.

Ulna

The medial bone of the forearm.

Radius

The lateral bone of the forearm.

Carpals

The 8 wrist bones.

Metacarpals

The 5 bones of the palm.

Finger Phalanges

The 14 bones of the fingers.

Os coxae

The 2 pelvic bones that join the sacrum and coccyx of the vertebral column to form the bony pelvis.

Femur

The thigh bone.

Patella

The kneecap.

Tibia

The medial bone of the leg.

Fibula

The lateral bone of the leg.

Tarsal bones

The 7 ankle bones, including the large heel bone called the calcaneus.

Metatarsals

The 5 bones of the instep.

Toe Phalanges

The 14 bones of the toes.

coxa

Hip

genu

The knee

hallux

The great toe

meniscus

Crescent-shaped disk of cartilage found in certain joints, such as the knee joint; in the knee, the medial meniscus and the lateral meniscus separate the tibia and femur; meniscus means "crescent"; (plural: menisci)

os

Bone (plural: ossa)

osseous

Pertaining to bone

symphysis pubis

The anterior pelvic joint, formed by the union of the two pubic bones; also called pubic symphysis

bunion

Inflammation and enlargement of the metatarsal joint of the great toe, usually with displacement of the great toe toward the other toes

bursitis

Inflammation of a bursa, a small fluid-filled sac near a joint; causes include injury, irritation, and joint disease; the shoulder, hip, elbow, and knee are common sites

carpal tunnel syndrome

Numbness and weakness of the hand caused by pressure on the median nerve as it passes through a channel formed by carpal bones

hammertoe

Change in position of the toe joints so that the toe takes on a claw-like appearance and the first joint protrudes upward, causing irritation and pain on walking

multiple myeloma

A cancer of blood-forming cells in bone marrow

osteodystrophy

Abnormal bone development

spondylosis

Degeneration and ankylosis of the vertebrae resulting in pressure on the spinal cord and spinal nerve roots; often applied to any degenerative lesion of the spine

aspiration

Removal by suction, as removal of fluid from a body cavity; also inhalation, such as accidental inhalation of material into the respiratory tract

chondroitin

A complex polysaccharide found in connective tissue; used as a dietary supplement, usually with glucosamine, for treatment of joint pain

glucosamine

A dietary supplement used in the treatment of joint pain

laminectomy

Excision of the posterior arch (lamina) of a vertebra

osteoplasty

Scraping and removal of damaged bone from a joint

prosthesis

An artificial organ or part, such as an artificial limb

Chondroblast

A cartilage-forming cell (pronunciation: KON-dro-blast; root: chondr/o).

Asynovia

Lack of synovial fluid (pronunciation: ah-sin-O-ve-ah; root: synov/i).

Spondylolysis

Destruction and separation of a vertebra (pronunciation: spon-dih-LOL-ih-sis; root: spondyl/o).

ankylosing spondylitis

A chronic, progressive inflammatory disease involving the spinal joints and surrounding soft tissue, most common in young males; also called rheumatoid spondylitis

ankylosis

Immobility and fixation of a joint

arthritis

Inflammation of a joint

curvature of the spine

An exaggerated spinal curve, such as scoliosis, lordosis, or kyphosis

degenerative joint disease (DJD)

Osteoarthritis

fracture

A break in a bone; in a closed or simple fracture, the broken bone does not penetrate the skin; in an open fracture, there is an accompanying wound in the skin

gout

A form of acute arthritis, usually beginning in the knee or foot, caused by deposit of uric acid salts in the joints

herniated disk

Protrusion of the center (nucleus pulposus) of an intervertebral disk into the spinal canal; ruptured or "slipped" disk

kyphosis

An exaggerated curve of the spine in the thoracic region; hunchback, humpback

lordosis

An exaggerated curve of the spine in the lumbar region; swayback

osteoarthritis (OA)

Progressive deterioration of joint cartilage with growth of new bone and soft tissue in and around the joint; the most common form of arthritis; results from wear and tear, injury, or disease; also called degenerative joint disease (DJD)

osteogenic sarcoma

A malignant bone tumor; osteosarcoma

osteomalacia

A softening and weakening of the bones due to vitamin D deficiency or other disease

osteomyelitis

Inflammation of bone and bone marrow caused by infection, usually bacterial

osteopenia

A lower-than-average bone density, which may foreshadow osteoporosis

osteoporosis

A condition characterized by reduction in bone density, most common in white women past menopause; predisposing factors include poor diet, inactivity, and low estrogen levels

Paget disease

Skeletal disease of the elderly characterized by bone thickening and distortion with bowing of long bones; osteitis deformans

Pott disease

Inflammation of the vertebrae, usually caused by tuberculosis

rheumatoid arthritis (RA)

A chronic autoimmune disease of unknown origin resulting in inflammation of peripheral joints and related structures; more common in women than in men

rheumatoid factor

A group of antibodies found in the blood in cases of rheumatoid arthritis and other systemic diseases

rickets

Faulty bone formation in children, usually caused by a deficiency of vitamin D

sciatica

Severe pain in the leg along the course of the sciatic nerve, usually related to spinal nerve root irritation

scoliosis

A sideways curvature of the spine in any region

spondylolisthesis

A forward displacement of one vertebra over another (-listhesis means "a slipping")

spondylolysis

Degeneration of the articulating portions of a vertebra allowing for spinal distortion, specifically in the lumbar region

alkaline phosphatase

An enzyme needed in the formation of bone; serum activity of this enzyme is useful in diagnosis

arthrocentesis

Aspiration of fluid from a joint by needle puncture

arthrodesis

Surgical immobilization (fusion) of a joint; artificial ankylosis

arthroplasty

Partial or total replacement of a joint with a prosthesis

arthroscopy

Use of an endoscope to examine the interior of a joint or to perform surgery on the joint; the instrument used is an arthroscope