Chemical Bonds, Electronegativity, and Chemical Nomenclature

Vocabulary practice flashcards covering chemical bonds (ionic vs. covalent), lattice energy and electrostatic potential energy trends, electronegativity, bond polarity, and polyatomic ion nomenclature.

Lattice Energy (LE)

The amount of energy released ($\Delta E < 0$) when gas-phase ions combine to form one mole of a crystalline solid.

Electrostatic Potential Energy ($E_{\text{el}}$) Equation

The equation $E_{\text{el}} = \frac{\kappa Q^+ Q^-}{d}$, which relates electrostatic interaction energy directly to cation charge ($Q^+$) and anion charge ($Q^-$), and inversely to internuclear distance ($d$).

Internuclear Distance ($d$)

The distance between the centers of two bonded ions or atoms, calculated in an ionic crystal as the sum of the ionic radii.

Ionic Bond

A chemical bond driven by electrostatic attraction between oppositely charged ions, typically formed between a metal and a nonmetal via the complete transfer of electrons.

Covalent Bond

A chemical bond formed by the overlap of valence orbitals and the sharing of valence electrons between atoms.

Electronegativity ($\chi$)

An atom's tendency to attract electrons toward itself within a covalent bond.

Nonpolar Covalent Bond

A covalent bond featuring an even charge distribution between atoms, defined as having an electronegativity difference of $\Delta\text{EN} \le 0.4$.

Polar Covalent Bond

A covalent bond characterized by an uneven distribution of electron charge caused by a significant difference in electronegativity ($\Delta\text{EN} > 0.4$), creating partial positive ($\delta^+$) and partial negative ($\delta^-$) regions.

Dipole Moment ($\mu$)

A representation of bond polarity depicted by an arrow with a crossed positive tail pointing toward the more electronegative atom and denoted by $\delta^+$ and $\delta^-$ symbols.

Equilibrium Bond Distance

The internuclear distance corresponding to the minimum potential energy on an interaction curve, where attractive and repulsive electrostatic forces are balanced.

Hypochlorite

The oxoanion of chlorine with the chemical formula $ClO^-$.

Chlorite

The oxoanion of chlorine with the chemical formula $ClO_2^-$.

Chlorate

The oxoanion of chlorine with the chemical formula $ClO_3^-$.

Perchlorate

The oxoanion of chlorine with the chemical formula $ClO_4^-$.

Carbonate

A common polyatomic anion with the chemical formula $CO_3^{2-}$.

Hydrogen Carbonate (Bicarbonate)

A polyatomic anion with the chemical formula $HCO_3^-$.

Acetate

A polyatomic anion with the chemical formula $CH_3COO^-$.

Cyanide

A polyatomic anion with the chemical formula $CN^-$.

Thiocyanate

A polyatomic anion with the chemical formula $SCN^-$.

Permanganate

A transition-metal polyatomic anion with the chemical formula $MnO_4^-$.

Chromate

A polyatomic anion with the chemical formula $CrO_4^{2-}$.

Dichromate

A polyatomic anion with the chemical formula $Cr_2O_7^{2-}$.

Azide

A nitrogen-containing polyatomic anion with the chemical formula $N_3^-$.

Ammonium

A positively charged polyatomic ion with the chemical formula $NH_4^+$.

Peroxide

A polyatomic anion with the chemical formula $O_2^{2-}$.

Phosphate

A polyatomic anion with the chemical formula $PO_4^{3-}$.

Sulfate

A polyatomic anion with the chemical formula $SO_4^{2-}$.

Sulfite

A polyatomic anion with the chemical formula $SO_3^{2-}$.

Disulfide

A polyatomic anion with the chemical formula $S_2^{2-}$.

Attention Recovery Time

The interval consistently suggested by studies to regain cognitive focus after being distracted, documented as $10-18\,\text{min}$.