Prelude to the Reformation

What is the date when Martin Luther stood before the emperor and princes of Germany at the Diet of Worms?

April 18, 1521.

What is the city where Martin Luther was called to answer charges of heresy?

Worms, Germany.

What is the specific charge brought against Martin Luther at the Diet of Worms?

Heresy.

What is the identity of the most influential of all the Christian humanists?

Desiderius Erasmus.

What is the birthplace of the Christian humanist Desiderius Erasmus?

Holland.

What is the name of the schools where Desiderius Erasmus received his early education?

Schools of the Brothers of the Common Life.

What is the term Erasmus used to describe his personal conception of religion?

The philosophy of Christ.

What is the publication year of Erasmus's work The Handbook of the Christian Knight?

1503.

What is the publication year of Erasmus's edited Greek text of the New Testament and new Latin translation?

1516.

What is the publication year of Erasmus's satirical work The Praise of Folly?

1509.

What is the author and publication year of the literary masterpiece Utopia?

Thomas More, 1516.

What is the literal Greek meaning of the word Utopia?

Nowhere.

What is the highest government position Thomas More reached in his public career?

Lord chancellor of England.

What is the church abuse where high church officials took over more than one church office to increase revenues?

Pluralism.

What is the practice where church officeholders ignored their duties due to pluralism and hired unqualified underlings?

Absenteeism.

What is the approximate number of relics amassed by Frederick the Wise, elector of Saxony?

More than 19,000 relics.

What is the definition of an indulgence in the context of the Catholic Church?

A remission, after death, of all or part of the punishment for sin.

What is the title of the popular mystical book written by Thomas à Kempis?

The Imitation of Christ.

What is the Oratory of Divine Love, which was first organized in Italy in 1497?

An informal group of clergy and laymen who worked to foster reform by emphasizing personal spiritual development and outward acts of charity.

What is the primary significance of the printing press during the fifteenth century for the spread of new ideas?

It made possible the rapid diffusion of new ideas, printing more in one day than could be copied in a year.

What is Martin Luther's birth date?

November 10, 1483.

What is Martin Luther's birthplace?

Germany.

What is the career choice Martin Luther's father wanted for him?

A lawyer.

What is the university where Luther enrolled and received his bachelor's degree in 1502?

University of Erfurt.

What is the monastic order Luther entered after surviving a ferocious thunderstorm?

Augustinian Hermits in Erfurt.

What is the year when Luther received his doctorate in theology?

1512.

What is the university faculty where Luther became a professor lecturing on the Bible?

University of Wittenberg.

What is the Pauline epistle Luther studied that helped him arrive at his doctrine of salvation?

Paul's Epistle to the Romans.

What is the primary doctrine of the Protestant Reformation regarding salvation?

Justification by grace through faith alone.

What is the pope who issued the 1517 jubilee indulgence?

Pope Leo X.

What is the building project financed by the 1517 jubilee indulgence?

Saint Peter's Basilica in Rome.

What is the Dominican friar who hawked indulgences in Germany?

Johann Tetzel.

What is Tetzel's famous slogan for selling indulgences?

"As soon as the coin in the coffer rings, the soul from purgatory springs."

What is Luther's famous publication that indicted the abuses in the sale of indulgences?

Ninety-Five Theses.

What is the fate of John Hus at the Council of Constance?

Burned at the stake on charges of heresy.

What is the debate in July 1519 where Luther denied the authority of popes and councils?

The Leipzig Debate.

What is the Catholic theologian who debated Luther at Leipzig?

Johann Eck.

What is the 1520 political tract written in German calling on German princes to overthrow the papacy?

The Address to the Nobility of the German Nation.

What is the 1520 Latin work attacking the sacramental system?

The Babylonian Captivity of the Church.

What is the 1520 short treatise on the doctrine of salvation by faith alone?

On the Freedom of a Christian Man.

What is the imperial diet of the Holy Roman Empire convened by Emperor Charles V in 1521?

Reichstag.

What is the edict that made Martin Luther an outlaw within the empire?

Edict of Worms.

What is the castle where Luther was sent into hiding by the Elector of Saxony?

Wartburg Castle.

What is Luther's foremost achievement while at Wartburg Castle?

His translation of the New Testament into German.

What is the approximate number of copies sold of Luther's German New Testament within twelve years?

Almost 200,000 copies.

What is the literacy rate in Germany in the sixteenth century?

4 to 5 percent.

What is the primary means of disseminating Luther's ideas across Germany?

The sermon.

What is the battle hymn of the Reformation composed by Martin Luther?

"A Mighty Fortress Is Our God."

What is the first imperial city to convert to Lutheranism?

Nuremberg.

What is the name of the dynamic city secretary who led Nuremberg's conversion?

Lazarus Spengler.

What is the prominent artist who supported Luther in Nuremberg?

Albrecht Dürer.

What is the name of the Wittenberg reformer who wished to abolish relics, images, and the Mass?

Andreas Carlstadt.

What is the name of the older generation Christian humanist who broke with Luther?

Erasmus.

What is the name of the younger generation Christian humanist who taught Greek and Hebrew in Wittenberg?

Philip Melanchthon.

What is the period of the Peasants' War in Germany?

1524-1525.

What is the name of the radical pastor who inflamed the peasants during the Peasants' War?

Thomas Müntzer.

What is the title of Luther's 1525 pamphlet calling on princes to crush the peasant revolt?

Against the Robbing and Murdering Hordes of Peasants.

What is the number of sacraments kept by Luther in his reformed church?

Two (baptism and the Lord's Supper).

What is the Catholic doctrine of the transformation of bread and wine that Luther denied?

Transubstantiation.

What is the concept where all Christians who followed the word of God were their own priests?

Priesthood of all believers.

What is the name of the former nun whom Luther married in 1525?

Katherina von Bora.

What is the name of the artist who painted the 1529 double portrait of Martin Luther and Katherina von Bora?

Lucas Cranach the Elder.

What is the name of the Valois king of France and chief rival of Charles V?

Francis I.

What are the conflicts fought intermittently between Charles V and Francis I from 1521 to 1544?

Habsburg-Valois Wars.

What is the pope who joined Francis I in the second Habsburg-Valois War?

Pope Clement VII.

What is the event in April 1527 when the Spanish-imperial army attacked Rome?

Sacking of Rome.

What is the leader of the Ottoman Turks who defeated King Louis of Hungary at Mohács?

Suleiman the Magnificent.

What is the battle where Ottoman forces defeated and killed King Louis of Hungary in 1526?

Battle of Mohács.

What is the year when Ottoman forces were repulsed at Vienna?

1529.

What is the defensive alliance formed by Lutheran princes and imperial cities in February 1531?

Schmalkaldic League.

What is the battle in the Schmalkaldic Wars where imperial forces decisively defeated the Lutherans in 1546-1547?

Battle of Mühlberg.

What is the new French king who allied with German Protestant princes in 1552?

Henry II.

What is the year of the Peace of Augsburg which acknowledged the division of Christianity in Germany?

1555.

What was the name of the union established in 1397 that unified Denmark, Norway, and Sweden?

Union of Kalmar.

Who was the king of Denmark and ruler of the three Scandinavian kingdoms who was overthrown in 1520?

Christian II.

Who led the Swedish barons in overthrowing Christian II?

Gustavus Vasa.

When did Gustavus Vasa become the king of an independent Sweden?

1523.

Who succeeded Christian II as the king of Denmark in 1523?

Frederick I.

Who succeeded Frederick I in the 1530s and installed a Lutheran state church in Denmark?

Christian III.

What was the Swiss Confederation composed of in the sixteenth century?

A loose association of thirteen self-governing states called cantons.

How were the six forest cantons of the Swiss Confederation governed?

As democratic republics.

How were the seven urban cantons of the Swiss Confederation governed?

By city councils controlled by narrow oligarchies of wealthy citizens.

Who was Ulrich Zwingli and what are his dates?

A Swiss reformer (1484-1531) from the Swiss forest cantons.

Where did Ulrich Zwingli begin the Reformation in Switzerland through his preaching?

Great Minster of Zürich.

What method did the city council of Zürich use in 1523 to resolve the unrest caused by Zwingli's preaching?

A public disputation or debate in the town hall.

What changes did the city council of Zürich make to churches under Zwingli's influence?

Abolished relics and images, removed paintings and decorations, and replaced them with whitewashed walls.

What elements were eliminated from church services in Zürich during Zwingli's reform?

Music, monasticism, pilgrimages, veneration of saints, clerical celibacy, and the pope's authority.

In which Swiss cities did Zwingli's reform movement spread in 1528 and 1529?

Bern in 1528 and Basel in 1529.

Who instituted a moderate reform movement in Strasbourg containing characteristics of both Luther's and Zwingli's movements?

Martin Bucer.

Who was the Protestant political leader who attempted to promote an alliance of Swiss and German reformed churches?

Landgrave Philip of Hesse.

What was the name of the 1529 conference held to resolve differences between Zwingli and Luther?

The Marburg Colloquy.

On what specific issue did the Marburg Colloquy fail to reach an agreement?

The interpretation of the Lord's Supper.

When did war erupt between the Swiss Protestant and Catholic cantons, resulting in Zwingli's death?

October 1531.

What social groups were especially attracted to Anabaptism?

Peasants, weavers, miners, and artisans adversely affected by economic changes.

What did Anabaptists believe the true Christian church was?

A voluntary association of believers who had undergone spiritual rebirth and been baptized.

What form of baptism did Anabaptists advocate instead of infant baptism?

Adult baptism.

How did Anabaptists interpret the Lord's Supper?

As a remembrance, a meal of fellowship celebrated in the evening in private houses.

What was the Anabaptist belief regarding church and state?

The complete separation of church and state.

Why did Anabaptists refuse to hold political office or bear arms?

They took the commandment 'Thou shall not kill' literally and believed human law had no power over those saved by God.

What was the name of the early Anabaptist group that arose in Zürich and was expelled in 1523?

The Swiss Brethren.