✔️21/22 - General ANS I/II: Sympathetic & Parasympathetic (including lecture notes)

The Autonomic Nervous System (ANS) is involuntary or visceral; and consists of ?

- Smooth m. (Non striated)

- Heart

- Glands

The General Somatic is uncharge of the _____________ portion of the nervous system.

voluntary

In the general somatic, there is one ________________ neuron from CNS going to the target tissue (skeletal muscle).

efferent

In the general somatic, there is one ________________ neuron from CNS going to the spinal cord.

afferent

The afferent neuron can be ________ and _____________ receptors in skin, cornea, mucosa, hair/feather follicle, connective tissue.

tactile and nociception

The afferent neuron can be _______________ in which the receptors are in tendons, ligaments, muscles, joints.

proprioception

If afferent neuron is proprioception, the ____________ changes.

length

In the General Visceral, there are _________ pathways to produce a visceral effect.

two

The _______________ and _____________ are the two pathways in general visceral.

sympathetic and parasympathetic

In each sympathetic and parasympathetic pathways, there are ___________ neurons from the CNS needed to innervate the target organ.

two efferent

In the general visceral, the soma of the ______ _________ lives within the CNS.

first neuron

The parasympathetic nuclei lives in the __________________.

central nervous system

The sympathetic nuclei lives in the __________________.

central nervous system

In the general visceral, the soma of the ______ _________ lives outside the CNS.

second neuron

The second neuron is the group of somas called the _____________.

ganglion

In the visceral sympathetic pathway the second neuron is the _______________________.

sympathetic ganglia

In the visceral parasympathetic pathway the second neuron is the _______________________.

parasympathetic ganglia

The first neuron is the _________________ or ________________ neuron.

preganglionic or presynaptic neuron

The second neuron is the __________________ or __________________ neuron.

postganglionic or postsynaptic neuron

The General Visceral Efferent Simpathetic and Parasimpathetic is responsible for control of ______________ or _______________ functions.

involuntary or visceral body

The GVE Sympathetic, plays a key role in the body's response to ____________.

stress

What systems are increased by GVE Sympathetic?

- Cardiovascular

- Respiratory

What systems are decreased/blocked by GVE Sympathetic?

- Digestive

- Urinary

- Reproductive functions

The GVE Sympathetic modulates the neuromuscular junction to improve and help with ?

- fighting

- protecting

- stress/fear

- intense physical activity (running, escaping, hunting)

T/F: The parasympathetic and sympathetic act at the same time; however, one may be higher and one may be lower.

true

With ___________ levels of sympathetic is when you have to be ready to protect or fight.

High

Cold weather can _____________ the sympathetic system.

stimulate

The part of the autonomic nerve system known as ______________, is organized in a trunk formed by ganglia connected by axons close to the thoracic and lumbar vertebrae known as sympathetic trunk, and a group of visceral ganglia connected with the sympathetic trunk by nerves.

Sympathetic

In the PNS, in the nerves and trunks there is a long chain of ganglia called the ______________ _____________.

sympathetic trunk

The ________ _______ can be traced from deep areas in the head to the thorax to lumbar region to the sacral region.

sympathetic trunk

In the sympathetic pathway there is a 2nd group of ganglia that live near the visceral areas especially in the abdomen called the _______________________________.

Visceral Sympathetic ganglia

The sympathetic pathway consists of?

nucleus and group of nuclei in the spinal cord and thoracolumbar region and two levels of ganglia (sympathetic trunk and Visceral Sympathetic ganglia)

Sympathetic nuclei lives only in the _______________________ of spinal cord.

thoracic & lumbar segments

Explain the pathway of General Visceral Efferent sympathetic:

sympathetic nuclei (thoracic & lumbar segments)

↓

Preganglionic neuron

↓

Sympathetic ganglion

↓

Postganglionic neuron

↓

Smooth mm., heart, or/and glands

In the GVE sympathetic, the relay station to make a connection between the 1st and 2nd neuron is the _____________________.

sympathetic ganglion

After the sympathetic ganglion is the 2nd neuron called the ________________.

postganglionic neuron

The __________________ is the neuron that will hit the target (smooth m, heart, or glands).

postganglionic neuron

There are ______________ that occur during GVE.

synapses

During GVE sympathetic, there are ____________ released.

neurotransmitters

______________ is the first neurotransmitter is released at the end of the preganglionic neuron.

Acetylcholine

______________ is the second neurotransmitter is released at the end of the postganglionic neuron.

Norepinephrine

Norepinephrine is similar in structure with the hormone _________________.

epinephrine (adrenaline)

The _______ _________ in the grey matter is related with the visceral impulse.

lateral horn

Lateral horns are only in the ________________ segments

thoracolumbar

The nuclei of the GVE sympathetic, lives in the _________ __________ of the spinal cord.

lateral horn

The soma of the _____________________________ is in the lateral horn.

sympathetic preganglionic neuron

The efferent pathways run in the _________ __________.

ventral root

The afferent pathways run in the _________ __________.

dorsal root

The efferent pathways are __________; and the afferent pathways are _____________.

motor; sensory

The ventral roots are used for which neurons?

- visceral efferent neurons

- somatic efferent neurons

The dorsal roots are used for which neurons?

- somatic afferent neurons

- visceral afferent neurons

Every type of pathway is found in the ________ ________.

spinal nerve

T/F: the dorsal and ventral roots only run in one direction.

true

The spinal nerves in the thoracolumbar segment (T1-L5) only has ____________ _____________.

communicating branches

The communicating branches communicate with the ___________________.

sympathetic trunk

The ______________ ____________ are axons that communicate the spinal nn. with the sympathetic trunk.

communicating branches

The communicating branches can carry ______________ and _______________.

pre-ganglionic sympathetic fibers and post-ganglionic sympathetic fibers

The GVE Sympathetic has numerous ___________ and _________ the sympathetic nerve pathways can use.

targets and levels

GVE Sympathetic level 1 includes:

- Neck (Axial) and thoracic limbs

- Trunk (Axial) and pelvic limbs

- both include Smooth mm. and glands of tissues innervated by spinal nerves

GVE Sympathetic level 2 includes:

- Heart, Smooth mm. and glands of thoracic organs

- Smooth mm. and glands of abdominal organs

- Smooth mm. and glands in pelvis and perineum

GVE Sympathetic level 3 includes:

Head, smooth mm., and glands

Explain the pathway of level 1 Axial and limbs: Smooth mm. and glands of tissue innervated by spinal nerves:

T1- T3 start in the lateral horn

↓

leaves as a preganglionic neuron via ventral root

↓

spinal nerve

↓

communicating branch

↓

sympathetic trunk

↓

Synapsis occur in one sympathetic trunk ganglion

↓

back to spinal nerve as a postganglionic neuron

↓

dorsal or ventral branch of the spinal nerve

↓

target

The dorsal or ventral branches can go in _____________ directions.

multiple

When sympathetic is highly stimulated, _____________ _______________ occurs and causes the body to pale.

peripheral vasoconstriction

Explain the pathway of level 1: Neck (Axial) and thoracic limbs:

start in the lateral horn

↓

leaves as a preganglionic neuron via ventral root

↓

spinal nerve

↓

communicating branch

↓

Segments T1, T2, T3 are sending the impulse to the .......

↓

cervicacothoracic ganglia

↓

the synapse occurs in the cervical thoracic ganglia

↓

post-ganglionic neuron forms the Vertebral Nerve

↓

the vertebral nerve gets into the transverse foramena of the cervical region and runs with the vertebral artery

↓

The vertebral nerve is giving sympathetic branches to the spinal nerves in the neck

↓

innervates the neck

The Vertebral Nerve. provides _________ ____________ to cervical spinal nn.

postganglionic fibers

Explain the pathway of level 2 to the heart and thoracic organs:

start in the lateral horn

↓

leaves as a preganglionic neuron via ventral root

↓

spinal nerve

↓

communicating branch

↓

Segments T1, T2, T3 hold the nuclei that send the impulse to the .......

↓

cervical thoracic ganglion

↓

goes around the subclavian artery

↓

Ansa subclavian

↓

middle cervical ganglion

↓

synapse in the middle cervical ganglion that gives rise to the cardiac nerves.

↓

stimulates the heart

and

expands the bronchi tree

The _______________ _______________ corresponds to the fusion of the caudal cervical ganglion and the first 3 thoracic ganglia.

cervicothoracic ganglion

The ________________ is communicating branches between the cervicothoracic and the middle cervical ganglia.

Ansa subclavian

The Ansa subclavian is named because the fibers goes around the ______________________.

subclavian a.

Explain the pathway of level 2 to the abdominal organs:

start in the lateral horn

↓

leaves as a preganglionic neuron via ventral root

↓

spinal nerve

↓

communicating branch

↓

sympathetic trunk BUT.... NO synapsis in sympathetic trunk ganglia for the fibers that goes toward cavity organs

↓

Splanchnic nerves

↓

Visceral sympathetic ganglion....

Synapsis occur here.

↓

Postganglionic nerves (follow branches of aorta) running with arteries to hit the target organ

Splanchnic nerves are axons from _____________ neurons.

preganglionic

Visceral ganglia lives close to ______________ and it branches

abdominal aorta

GVE sympathetic is predominantly an _____________ effect on GI muscle.

inhibitory

GVE sympathetic has an ____________ influence over mucosal secretion.

inhibitory

GVE sympathetic regulates GI _________________ via vasoconstriction.

blood flow

Explain the pathway of level 2 to the pelvic organs:

start in the Lumbar Spinal segments: lateral horn

↓

leaves as a preganglionic neuron via ventral root

↓

spinal nerve

↓

communicating branch

↓

NO synapse in sympathetic trunk

↓

Visceral sympathetic ganglion (may or may not have synapse)

↓

forms hypogastric nerve (pre or post ganglionic)

↓

pelvic plexus (rectum)

↓

if pre ganglionic in pelvic plexus → synapse → post ganglionic → follows the vessels

↓

if synapse occurs in the visceral ganglion → pelvic plexus → target organ

The ________________ segments send parasympathetic fibers to pelvic plexus to innervate pelvic organs.

S1-S3 sacral

T/F: the hypogastric nerves could be pre or post ganglionic.

true

The hypogastric nerves are pre and post synaptic Sympathetic nerves toward the _________ __________.

pelvic plexus

The __________________ is a network of pelvic ganglia.

pelvic plexus

Explain the pathway of level 3 to the head:

T1- T3 start in the lateral horn

↓

leaves as a preganglionic neuron via ventral root

↓

spinal nerve

↓

communicating branch

↓

sympathetic trunk

↓

cervical thoracic ganglia

↓

NO synapse cervical thoracic ganglia

↓

Ansa subclavian

↓

NO synapse in the middle ganglia

↓

Vertebral Nerve

↓

Preganglionic sympathetic fibers in the Vagosympathetic trunk

↓

Cranial cervical ganglion

↓

postganglionic neurons

↓

head

From the organs there are ___________ neurons.

afferent

hyperextended stomach uses _________.

general visceral afferent

The visceral afferent is more of a ___________ pain.

diffuse

The somatic afferent is more of a __________ pain.

specific

The General Visceral Efferent Parasympathetic will _______________ stress.

decrease

The General Visceral Efferent Parasympathetic will increase which body systems?

- digestive

- urinary

- reproduction functions

The General Visceral Efferent Parasympathetic will decrease which body systems?

- cardiovascular

- respiratory

The ____________ and _______________ are two pathways to produce a visceral effect. In each pathway two Efferent neurons are needed to innervate the target organ

sympathetic and parasympathetic

In the sympathetic, the pre-ganglionic neuron is ___________ and the post-ganglionic neuron is _____________.

short; long

In the parasympathetic, the pre-ganglionic neuron is ___________ and the post-ganglionic neuron is _____________.

long; short

In the parasympathetic, both neurotransmitters release ____________.

acetylcholine

The parasympathetic nuclei live in the _________ and __________; or __________.

brainstem and encephalon; or the sacral segments.

The sympathetic nuclei live in the _________ segments.

T1 - L5

Explain the GVE parasympathetic pathway to Smooth m., Cardiac muscles & glands:

brainstem and encephalon

↓

cranial nerves

↓

pre-ganglionic neuron (vagus nerve)

↓

ganglion intramural (w/in wall of target organ)

↓

post-ganglionic neurons (w/in wall of target organ)

↓

neurotransmitter 1 and 2 (Ach)

↓

pelvic ganglion associated with the sacral segment parasympathetic nuclei

Since the GVE parasympathetic is already in the brain so the nerves that will communicating with the brainstem are the ______________.

cranial nerves

What are the 4 main cranial nerves related with parasympathetic?

- CN III

- CN VII

- CN IX

- CN X

The _______________ is the largest parasympathetic nuclei among the other cranial nerves.

vagus nerve

What are the ganglions of the vagus nerve?

- Inferior ganglion

- Intramural ganglia