A & P II: Lab Test #2 Blood, Heart, Blood Vessels, and Circulation

McClelland, Harding University

Erythrocytes

Red blood cells, play a role in transporting oxygen and carbon dioxide via hemoglobin

Leukocyte

White blood cells, a component of the immune that defends against infection and foreign invaders

Neutrophils

A class of granulocyte and very active phagocyte that injests damaged cells and bacteria

Lymphyocyte

A class of agranulocyte that has diverse functions in the immune system; includes B&T lymphocytes

Monocytes

A class of agranulocyte that matures into macrophages, very active phagocytes

Esinophils

a class of granuloctye that is involved in immune response to parasites and in allergic reactions

Basophils

least common type of leukocyte that releases chemicals to mediate inflammation

Thrombocytes (AKA Platelets)

Stick together to form clots and stop bleeding

Granulocytes

A class of leukocyte with visible cystolic granules (includes Neutrophils, Esinophils, and Basophils)

Agranulocyes

a class of leukocyte without visible cystolic granules (includes lymphocytes and monocytes)

Plasma

the fluid extracellular matrix of blood that consists of water, proteins, and dissolved solutes

Serum

A liquid consisting of plasma without clotting factors

Albumin

The most abundant plasma protein: largely responsible for the plasma colloid osmotic pressure

Viscosity

The thickness of a liquid or the inherent resistance all liquids have to flow

Antibody

Proteins produced by B-lymph that play a crucial role in the immune system by identifying and neutralizing pathogens

Antigen

A unique glycoprotein marker found on the surface of almost all cells and biological chemical substances

Agglutination

The clumping of cells which occurs when antibodies bind to specific antigens on the surface of erythrocytes

Rh Factor

an inherited protein found on the surfaces of red blood cells that determines positive or negative blood type.

Myeloid Tissue

Red bone marrow that produces red blood cells, platelets, and most white blood cells

Hematopoiesis

the process of differentiation and maturation of the formed elements of blood

Erythropoiesis

the process of differentiation and maturation of erythrocytes

Leukopoiesis

the process of differentiation and maturation of leukocytes

Thrombopoiesis

the process of differentiation and maturation of thrombocytes

Erythropoietin

hormone produced by the kidney that increases rate of erythrocyte production and decreases time to mature

Thrombopoietin

produced by the liver and stimulates the body to produce platelets

Hematocrit

The portion of the blood that consists of erythrocytes

PCV

Packed Cell Volume- measures percentage of RBC’s in total blood volume

Buffy Coat

Thin, pale middle layer of centrifuged blood containing most white blood cells and platelets

Hemostasis

the process by which blood loss is stopped from a damaged blood vessel

Coagulation

The process of formation of fibrin, which glues components of a blood clot together

Epicardium

Most superficial layer: outermost layer of the heart wall (same structure as visceral pericardium)

Myocardium

Middle layer: second and thickest layer of the heart wall (makes the heart pump)

Endocardium

Deepest layer: Innermost layer of the heart wall and directly lines lumen of the heart

Atrioventricular (AV) valves

Tricuspid valve and Bicuspid valve(The inflow valves between the atria and ventricles)

Semilunar valves

Outflow valves of the heart (aortic and pulmonary valves)

Trabeculae carneae

Irregular muscle ridges that line the internal surface of the ventricles

Moderator band

A specialized muscular structure found inside the right ventricle of the heart

cardiac cycle

Sequence of mechanical events in the heart from one heartbeat to the next

systole

Contracton phase of a heart chamber in the cardiac cycle

diastole

relaxation phase of a heart chamber in the cardiac cycle

Isovolumetric ventricular contraction

Phase 2 of the cardaic cycle and marks the beginning of ventricular systole

Ejection

When blood is actually pumped out of the heart

Isovolumetric ventricular relaxation

Phase 4 of cardiac cycle, the very beginning of ventricular diastole

End diastolic volume (EDV)

The amount of blood in a ventricle at the end of ventricular diastole

End systolic volume (ESV)

Amount of blood left in a ventricle after ventricular ejection is complete

Stroke volume (SV)

Amount of blood ejected by one ventricle in a single beat

Cardiac output (CO)

Amount of blood pumped by each ventricle in one minute

Preload

Degree of stretch of ventricular muscle cells before they contract

Afterload

Force/Pressure the ventricles must overcome to eject blood, pressure in systemic circuit

S1

(IUB) Closing of AV valves

S2

(DUB) Closing of semilunar valves

S3

(Kentucky) Blood sloshing into an overly compliant, dialated ventricle

S4

(Tennessee) atrial “kick”

Supine

Facing upward

Prone

facing downward

Blood pressure

Force that blood exerts on the walls of blood vessels

systolic pressure

occurs during ventricular systole (ventricles contracting)

diastolic pressure

Occurs during ventricular diastole (ventricles relaxed)

pulse pressure

The difference between systolic & diastolic arterial pressure

Mean arterial pressure (MAP)

Average pressure in systemic arteries over an entire cardiac cycle

Sphygmomanometer

instrument used to measure blood pressure together with a stethescope

Pulse

Arterial pressure pulsates because it rises during ventricular systole and falls during diastole

Vasocontriction

Decreased vessel radius

Vasodilation

Increased vessel radius

Pulse point: Common carotid

Either side of neck, next to windpipe

Pulse point: brachial

Inside of upper arm, near inner elbow crease

Pulse point: radial

Inside of wrist, on thumb side

Pulse point: femoral

Groin crease, where the top of the thigh meets the torso

Pulse point: popliteal

Middle space directly behind knee

Pulse point: Posterior tibial

Behind inner ankle bone

Pulse point: dorsalis pedis

Top of foot near the center

Pulse point: apical pulse point, or point of maximal impulse (PMI)

Left side of chest at 5th intercostal space along the midclavicular line

Pulse pressure

Systolic-diastolic

Mean Arterial Pressure

(2(DBP)+SBP) /3

Systemic circuit

A series of blood vessels that serve the body

Pulmonary circuit

A series of blood vessels leading to and within the lungs

Electrocardiogram

Graphic depection of the electrical activity occuring in cardiac muscle cells over a period of time

P Wave

Represents the depolarization of all cells in the atria except the SA node

QRS complex

Ventricular depolarization

T Wave

Ventricular repolarization

R-R Interval

represents entire duration of the generation and spread of an action potential through the heart (determines heart rate)

Intervals

include a component of at least one wave

P-R Interval

Represents the time it takes for the depolarization from the SA node to spread throught the atria to the ventricles

Q-T Interval

Ventricular cells are undergoing action potentials

S-T Segment

Recorded during the plateau phase of the ventricels and no net charges occur in electrical activity

Segments

Do not include any wave components