AP EURO CHAPTER 13

The Treaty of Cateau-Cambrésis ended the conflict known as the

Habsburg-Valois wars.

As a result of the Peace of Augsburg, the people of Germany

became either Lutheran or Catholic, depending on the preference of their prince.

John Calvin rejected the idea of free will because he believed it would

detract from the sovereignty of God.

Based on Map 13.1: The Global Empire of Charles V, ca. 1556, what was the only Christian kingdom that opposed Charles V?

France

Early-sixteenth-century critics of the clergy concentrated on three problems: clerical immorality, clerical ignorance, and clerical

pluralism.

In Hungary, Lutheranism was

Spread by Hungarian students who had studied at the University of Wittenberg.

The Calvinist doctrine of predestination led to a

confidence among Calvinists in their own salvation.

Luther's reforms spread rapidly, in part because the Holy Roman Empire was

made up of hundreds of independent states.

Luther believed that the church consisted of

A spiritual priesthood of all Christian believers

The dissolution of the English monasteries

resulted from Henry VIII's desire to confiscate their wealth

What was the fate of most people brought before the Inquisition and accused of witchcraft?

They were sent home with a warning and ordered to do penance.

How did the Calvinists understand the idea of work or labor?

Hard work, well done, was pleasing to God, and all work with a religious aspect was dignified.

The overriding goal of the Catholic religious orders established in the sixteenth century was

To uplift the moral condition of both clergy and laity.

How did the closing of the monasteries and convents affect upper-class women?

Marriage became virtually the only occupation for upper-class women.

The Pilgrimage of Grace attested to

popular opposition, in northern England, to Henry VIII's reformation.

In religious affairs, Elizabeth I of England followed a policy that

was a middle course between Catholic and Protestant extremes

The following is an excerpt from the School ordinance of the duchy of Württemberg, a Lutheran territory in the Holy Roman Empire (Thinking Like a Historian):
"In addition, all parents are obliged on the danger of losing their souls to teach the catechism to their children and domestic servants. Ask them also what they remember from last Sunday's sermon, and, if they remember nothing, admonish them to pay closer attention. And if kind words don't help, take the stick to them or give them nothing to eat and drink for supper until they have repeated something from the sermon."
Based on the evidence provided by this passage, one can conclude that Lutherans believed that

parents were at least partly responsible for the spiritual education of their children.

Why did Elizabeth I have her cousin and heir Mary, Queen of Scots, executed?

Mary was implicated in a plot to assassinate Elizabeth.

"[S]o we call Spiritual Exercises every way of preparing and disposing the soul to rid itself of all inordinate attachments, and, after their removal, of seeking and finding the will of God in the disposition of our life for the salvation of our soul." What is Ignatius Loyola discussing in this quote?

A training program using structured meditation to develop spiritual discipline

The Reformation in England was primarily the result of

the dynastic and romantic concerns of Henry VIII.

Which of the following contributed to the success of Martin Luther's reform efforts?

Luther understood the power of the new printing press and authorized the publication of his works.

Martin Luther's first response to the Peasants' War was

to side with the peasants

Which of the following best describes Martin Luther's doctrine of salvation?

Salvation came through faith alone as a free gift of God's grace.

How was the choice to embrace or reject the Protestant reform movement made in each territory or region of the Holy Roman Empire?

The political leader(s) of the territory or region determined whether to introduce reforms.

Which of the following was a consequence of the Saint Bartholomew's Day Massacre?

A lengthy civil war

According to Map 13.2: Religious Divisions in Europe, ca. 1555, what region of Europe shown in the map experienced the most diversity in religious faith around 1555?

Eastern-Central Europe

Why did Protestants allow the dissolution of marriages in divorce?

They viewed marriage as a contract for mutual support, and married partners who failed to provide support endangered their souls and the entire community

The most important second-generation Protestant reformer was

John Calvin.

The Ursuline order of nuns focused on

the education of women

Why did most ordinary Poles oppose the Lutheran reform movement?

They held strong anti-German feelings.

How did Luther benefit from his appearance before the Holy Roman Emperor Charles V at the Diet of Worms?

Luther gained a larger audience for his reform ideas, and others began to challenge the church's teachings and practices.

What were Lutheran and Calvinist attitudes toward secular rulers?

Lutherans taught respect for authority while Calvinists encouraged opposition to political authorities who were considered ungodly.

Luther viewed celibacy as

Opposed to human nature and God's commandments.

The following excerpt is from a 1587 German account of the testimony at the trial of an accused witch:
"Walpurga Hausmännin. . . upon kindly questioning and also torture. . . confessed. . . that the Evil One indulged in fornication with her. . . and made her many promises to help her in her poverty and need. . . . She promised herself body and soul to him and disowned God in heaven. . . . With her devil-paramour and other playfellows she has eaten these [animals and children] and used their hair and their little bones for witchcraft."
The passage provides evidence of which of the following?

The belief that the essence of witchcraft was a pact with the Devil

According to Map 13.2: Religious Divisions in Europe, ca. 1555, where did the French Calvinists (called Huguenots) live?

Major cities

France supported the Protestant princes of Germany in order to

prevent Holy Roman Emperor Charles V from increasing his power.

The Holy Roman Emperor Charles V was

a vigorous defender of Catholicism.

What new religious order for women emerged in the sixteenth century?

Ursuline Order

The Reformation in England was primarily the result of

the dynastic and romantic concerns of Henry VIII

In addition to reforming the church, what was the other goal of the Council of Trent?

Securing reconciliation with the Protestants

Why was the pope unable to grant Henry VIII of England the annulment he desired?

The pope was essentially the prisoner of Emperor Charles V.

Early-sixteenth-century Europeans were, for the most part,

deeply pious.

The following is an excerpt from the 1563 Decrees of the Council of Trent:
"That the faithful may approach the sacraments with greater reverence and devotion of mind, the holy Council commands all bishops that not only when they themselves are about to administer them to the people, they shall first, in a manner adapted to the mental ability of those who receive them, explain their efficacy and use, but also that they shall see to it that the same is done piously and prudently by every parish priest, and in the vernacular tongue."
What important change in Catholic religious practice is described in this passage?

The shift away from the exclusive use of Latin in Catholic religious services

What was the name given to the Catholic and Huguenot moderates in France?

Politiques

In the early sixteenth century, anticlericalism focused primarily on which of the following issues?

The immorality of priests who were drunkards and neglected the rule of celibacy

How effective was the Universal Inquisition established by the papacy in 1542?

The Inquisition effectively destroyed heresy within the Papal States but had little influence elsewhere.