ANS 2140L Practical #1

Sublingual salivary gland

A salivary gland located under the tongue.

Submaxillary / mandibular salivary gland

A salivary gland located under the jaw.

Diaphragm

A muscle that separates the thoracic cavity and abdominal cavity.

Pleura

A membrane that lines the thoracic cavity and surrounds the lungs.

Dorsal

Directional term referring to the back or upper side of an organism.

Ventral

Directional term referring to the underside or abdominal area of an organism.

Anterior

Directional term referring to the front or frontal part of an organism.

Posterior

Directional term referring to the back or rear part of an organism.

Laryngo-

Prefix meaning throat.

Corpus

Vocabulary term meaning body.

Duodenum

The first part of the small intestine where initial chemical digestion occurs.

Jejunum

The middle section of the small intestine responsible for absorbing monosaccharides, amino acids, calcium, and iron.

Ileum

The final section of the small intestine responsible for absorbing water, electrolytes, bile salts, and vitamin B12.

Pericardium

The membrane located in the thoracic cavity that protects the heart.

Cardi-

Latin prefix meaning heart.

Erythro-

Prefix meaning red.

Hemo-

Prefix meaning blood.

Leuko-

Prefix meaning white.

Vas / Vaso-

Vocabulary term meaning vessel.

Elastic arteries

Large arteries near the heart containing high amounts of elastin to accommodate pressure changes.

Muscular arteries

Distributing arteries that deliver blood to organs and tissues, containing high amounts of smooth muscle.

Arterioles

The smallest type of arteries with less elastin and smooth muscle.

Tunica intima

The innermost layer of an artery, consisting of a continuous layer of endothelial cells and supporting connective tissue.

Tunica media

The middle and thickest layer of an artery, containing smooth muscle and elastin.

Tunica adventitia

The outermost layer of an artery, consisting of connective tissue with elastin and collagen.

Capillaries

Microscopic blood vessels whose primary function is to exchange materials between blood and tissues.

Continuous capillaries

Capillaries with tight junctions found in most tissues, such as skeletal muscle.

Fenestrated capillaries

Capillaries containing numerous holes or pores for rapid absorption and filtration.

Sinusoidal capillaries

Capillaries containing numerous large gaps that allow for the exchange of large molecules and materials.

Atrioventricular valves

Valves located between the atria and ventricles that permit blood flow from the atria into the ventricles.

Semilunar valves

Valves located where blood leaves the heart (pulmonary and aortic) that permit blood to leave the heart but prevent its return.

Pulmonary circulation

Circulatory pattern where blood travels from the heart to the lungs and back to the heart.

Systemic circulation

Circulatory pattern where blood travels from the heart to body organs/tissues and back to the heart.

Hepatic portal system

A portal circulatory network that transfers blood directly from the digestive system to the liver.

Hypothalamic-hypophyseal portal system

A portal system that transfers blood directly from the hypothalamus to the pituitary gland.

Blood Circulation Pattern

The pathway of blood flow through the heart, lungs, and systemic body vessels.

Somatic Nervous System

Division of the nervous system responsible for voluntary control, such as muscle movement.

Autonomic Nervous System

Division of the nervous system responsible for automatic physiological responses, such as heart rate and hormone release.

Parasympathetic system

Branch of the autonomic nervous system governing vegetative functions like digestion and homeostatic maintenance.

Sympathetic system

Branch of the autonomic nervous system governing fight-or-flight stress responses.

Endoderm

Innermost germ cell layer forming the digestive tract, respiratory tubes, lungs, and associated organs.

Mesoderm

Middle germ cell layer forming skeletal muscle, reproductive structures, bones, connective tissue, blood, and the urinary system.

Ectoderm

Outermost germ cell layer forming the epidermis (skin) and almost all of the nervous system.

Frontal lobe

Cerebral lobe responsible for voluntary motor control, reasoning, emotions, planning, and social judgment.

Parietal lobe

Cerebral lobe that perceives sensations from the skin, muscles, tendons, and joint receptors.

Temporal lobe

Cerebral lobe serving as the auditory center and playing a key role in memory.

Occipital lobe

Cerebral lobe responsible for vision and eye coordination.

Insula

Deep cerebral region that integrates sensory information from viscera, taste, and language.

Corpus callosum

Structure connecting the right and left hemispheres of the cerebrum to carry information between them.

Thalamus

Brain structure acting as a relay center for all sensory information except smell.

Hypothalamus

Brain region regulating survival behaviors, summarized by the four Fs: Food, Fear, Fight, and Fun.

Cerebellum

Second largest brain section, receiving input from joint, tendon, and muscle receptors to coordinate movement.

Medulla Oblongata

Brainstem section regulating autonomic systems through the Vasomotor, Cardioinhibitory, and Respiratory centers.

Optic- / opt-

Vocabulary prefix meaning eye or vision.

Crani-

Vocabulary prefix meaning head.

Meso-

Vocabulary prefix meaning middle.

Ot- / auri-

Vocabulary terms meaning ear.

Hypertrophy

An increase in cell size.

Hyperplasia

An increase in cell number.

Determinate growth

Growth pattern typical of higher vertebrates where growth occurs up to a certain point and then stops.

Indeterminate growth

Growth pattern typical of lower vertebrates where growth continues throughout the organism's lifespan.

Zona Pellucida

Protective extracellular layer surrounding the mammalian oocyte that sperm binds to and fuses with during fertilization.

Blastomeres

Undifferentiated cells formed during cleavage immediately following fertilization.

Morula

A solid ball of blastomere cells formed early in cleavage before blastulation.

Blastocyst

Embryonic structure containing trophoblast cells, an inner cell mass, and a fluid-filled blastocoel cavity.

Gastrulation

Major developmental event where the inner cell mass differentiates into the three embryonic germ layers.

Trophoblast

Outer layer of the blastocyst that establishes the outermost layer of the placenta.

Inner cell mass

Small aggregate of cells inside the blastocyst that develops into the embryo and most of the placenta.

Blastocoel Cavity

Fluid-filled interior area of the blastocyst providing nutrients to the developing embryo.

Neurulation

Developmental process where ectoderm develops into skin, brain, spinal cord, and associated structures.

Totipotent

The capability of a single cell to differentiate into any tissue type.

Pluripotent

Cells of the inner cell mass capable of developing into the whole fetus or placentae (except the outermost layer).

Peristalsis

Progressive alternating waves of coordinated contraction and relaxation resulting in movement of material (e.g., esophagus).

Segmentation

Stationary rhythmic contraction and relaxation resulting in mixing of material (e.g., stomach).

Origin

The end of a skeletal muscle attached to the stationary part of a bone.

Insertion

The end of a skeletal muscle attached to the mobile section of a bone.

-lemma

Latin root word meaning sheath or husk.

Mega- / megalo-

Latin prefix meaning large.

Thora-

Prefix meaning chest.

Derm-

Prefix meaning skin.

Supra-

Vocabulary prefix meaning above or over.

Infra-

Vocabulary prefix meaning below.

Cutaneous Trunci

Muscle lining the skin that is responsible for skin twitching reflexes.

Esophageal sphincter

Valve that permits entry of food into the stomach and prevents regurgitation.

Pyloric sphincter

Valve that controls stomach emptying into the small intestine.

Rugae

Longitudinal wrinkles inside the stomach that allow it to expand as it fills.

Goblet cells

Gastric gland cells located in gastric pits that secrete mucous.

G-cells

Gastric gland cells that secrete the hormone gastrin.

Chief cells

Gastric gland cells that secrete pepsinogen and rennin.

Parietal cells

Gastric gland cells that secrete hydrochloric acid (HCl) and intrinsic factor.

Rennin

Enzyme produced in the stomach of newborn mammals that curdles milk for better digestion.

Gastri-

Vocabulary term meaning stomach.

Cyst

Vocabulary term meaning bladder or sac.

Cholecyst

Vocabulary term meaning gallbladder.

Sublingual salivary gland

A salivary gland located under the tongue.

Submaxillary / mandibular salivary gland

A salivary gland located under the jaw.

Diaphragm

A muscle that separates the thoracic cavity and abdominal cavity.

Pleura

A membrane that lines the thoracic cavity and surrounds the lungs.

Dorsal

Directional term referring to the back or upper side of an organism.

Ventral

Directional term referring to the underside or abdominal area of an organism.