geography paper 1 - the challenge of natural hazards

What is a natural hazard?

A natural process which can impact a person, their health or properties

what is a natural disaster?

A natural hazard that has already happened

What are the two types of natural hazards

• Geological hazards

• Meterorlogical hazards

what are meterlogical hazards caused by?

the land and tectonic movement

what are meterological hazards caused by?

weather and climate change

what are two examples of a meteorlogical hazard and how are they formed?

• Tropical stroms - over warm ocean waters

• Extreme weather events - (eg heatwaves or cold spells) climatic variations

What are two types of gelogical hazards and how are they formed?

• Earthquakes- tectonic plate movement

• Volcanic eruptions- magma reaching the surface

what are human factors influencing hazard risk?

• vunerability

• capacity to cope

• nature of hazard

what are natural factors influencing hazard risk?

• type

• frequency

• magnitude

what is a hazard risk?

The likelihood of a natural hazard affecting people in a specific area.

What is meant by vunerability?

How exposed a population is to the impacts of a natural hazard.

what is meant by capacity to cope ?

The ability of a community or country to manage, respond to, and recover from a hazard.

What affects a countrys capacity to cope?

• infrastructre

• economic reasources

• HIC or LIC

What are examples of primary effects?

• deaths and injured

• buliding ans road destruction

• crops and water suplies damaged

What are examples of secondary effects?

• initial hazard can trigger other hazards

• countrys economy weakened lack of clean water and sanatation can lead to diseases spreading

What are some immediate responses to a natural hazard?

• evacuate people

• treat the injured and rescue people

• temporary water and food suplies

What are some long term responses to a natural hazard?

• repair houses

• repair buldings and roads

• promote tourism to boost economy

What are the 2 types of crust on the earth?

• continental crust

• oceanic crust

describe continental crust

thick but less dense

describe oceanic crust

thinner but more dense

What are the three types of tectonic plate boundaries?

• Constructive

• Destructive

• Conservative

What causes tectonic plates to move?

Heat-driven movement in the mantle.

What is the difference between oceanic and continental crust?

Oceanic crust is thinner and denser; continental crust is thicker and less dense.

What happens at a constructive plate boundary?

Plates move apart, magma rises and new crust forms.

What happens at a destructive plate boundary?

Plates move towards each other and the denser oceanic plate sinks beneath another plate (subduction).

What happens at a conservative plate boundary?

Plates slide past each other, causing earthquakes when they suddenly slip.

What hazards occur at constructive plate boundaries?

Volcanic eruptions and shallow earthquakes.

What hazards occur at destructive plate boundaries?

Powerful earthquakes and volcanic eruptions.

What hazard occurs at conservative plate boundaries?

Earthquakes. No crust is created or destroyed.

Why can poorer countries suffer more from earthquakes?

• They may have weaker buildings,

• fewer emergency services

• less money for recovery.

Why do people live near tectonic hazards?

• Jobs

• fertile soil

• tourism

• lack of money to move.

What are the four ways to manage tectonic hazards?

Monitoring,

prediction,

protection

planning.

Give an example of monitoring a tectonic hazard.

Using instruments to detect volcanic activity or ground movement.

How can buildings be protected from earthquakes?

By using earthquake-resistant designs and stronger building regulations.

What is global atmospheric circulation?

The movement of air around the Earth caused by uneven heating.