SES - quest 1

Cartography

science of map making

• visualize boarders and shapes for navigation

Equator

imaginary line at 0 degrees latitude

• splits earth into norther and southern hemisphere

International date line

180 degrees of prime meridian

crossing it changes the date

Latitude

measures N and south of equator

What is latitude split into

Degrees, 60 min and 60 seconds in each min

How long is one degree latitude

111km H

how long is 1 minute latitude

1.85km

How long is a second latitude

30.7m

Longitude

measures east and west or prime meridian

how many time zones and what degree

24, 15 degrees each

how many degrees longitude are there

360

Conic projection

placing cone on to globe and projecting

• increasing distortion moving away from the parallel where the cone touches

Contour intervals

elevation change between two contour lines

contour lines

lines on topographic map that connects points with similar elevation

gnomic projecton

sphere on a paper touching at a tangent

cons: can only show one half, drastically distort moving away from tangent

map scale

ratio between distance on map and irl

Mercator projection

earth projected onto a cylinder

pros:

• preserves coastlines, shapes and angles.

• authentic straight line dist for boat navigation

cons: land masses near poles are eggxatrated

Topographic map

represents physical shape of land and elevation

Gal-peters projection

equal areas of lat x long

• severely distorts shapes

• preserves relative land sizes

Equal earth

• pushed by UN to be used

• accuratly represents relative land sizes

• distorts true shape, angles and local distances near poles and edges

list EM spectrum from longest wavelength

Radio, microwave, infared, visible, ultraviolet, xray, gamma

list visible colors in order

ROYGBIV

what does GPS stand for

global positioning system and is satelite based navitgation that allows users to pin point exact location -4

Landsat satellite

• low earth orbit

• uses visible and infared rays

• maps earth’s features likes land, water and habitats and can monitor effects of natural disasters

Topex/posideon

• low earth orbit

• studies global ocean circulation like currents, le nino,, storms

• can calculate ocean buldges

Sonar

uses sound waves on a boat to map sea floor by calculating how long it takes for sound wave to reflect

Remote sensing

collecting info about earth’s features from a distance and without needing to physcially be there

Elevation gradient

rate of change. Elevation change/ dist

3 peices of evidnece of continental drift

1. puzzle pieces - africa and south America

2. fossils - Glossopteris - this plant’s fossils found in Antarctica despite needing warm climate

3. Evidence of glaciation - distinct land forms, scratches and sedimentary deposits that suggest once having glaciers despite being hella hot

Problem with continental drift

can’t explain driving force

Pangaea and significance

when all land was tgt and explains the puzzle peice

Layers of earth from into to out

1. inner core

2. outer core

3. mantle

   1. asthenosphere

4. crust

Characteristics of the outer core

• moves very chaotically bc side near inner core is super hot while side near mantle is cooler

  • mixes and churn

• 3700 degrees c

• Fe/ Ni

Characteristics of the mantle

• slow moving semi solid

• convection current

• 1000 degrees c

• Ca, Mg, Ni, Si

Characteristics of inner core

• 4300 degrees c

• solid bc of the pressure

• Fe and some Ni

• rotates

Characteristics of crust

• Solid

• least dense

• 15 degrees c

• side to side motion

Isochron

shows rocks of equal age and same aged ones of opposide of rift were the similar dists apart

Magnetic reversal

Earth;s magnetic poles switch places caused by the core

Magnometer

measures strenght and direction of magnetic field

Paleomagnetism

studies ancient magnetic field preservered in rocks, sediments etc.

How does hte seafloor spread

1. convection current causes crurst to seperate

2. magma rises and forms new crust

3. ridge push from elevated ridge pushes plates apart

magnetic striping

• magma has metallic elements that solidify pointing to where north is at the current moments and switch direction every million yrs

Evidence of sea floor spreading

1. age - youngest in middle and oldest near coast

2. magnetic striping

Convergent Boundries

• move towards each other

• destructive

• forms trenches or volcanoes

• 3 types

Oceanic + Oceanic

• older and denser plate subducts

• point of subduction causes a trench

• friction from two plates sliding pass causes heat and melts crust and heat rises forming an island arc

• island arc - curved path of volcano islands

example of island arc

Aleutian islands between pacific and north american plates

Oceanic + Continental

• can form trench, volcano mountains, coastal mountains

• ocean crust sinks

• e.g Andes bc of south american and nazca plate

Continental + Continental

NO subducting and NO volcanoes

• forms mountains with roots like the himalays between indian and eurasian plate

Divergent boundries

• splits apart

• Forms rifts, ridges and volcanic activity

• African rift valley created a long narrow depression

Transform boundries

• Sldes past - may cuase earthquake but no volcanoes or destroying crus

• st andreas fault - a visible gap between two plates (Juan de fuca and NA)

Rifts

Formed when plates diverge and langei n middle drops

Theory of tectonic plates

Earth crust and rigid upper mantle breakes into enormous slabs and movement is driven by convection from mantle below

Ridge push and Slab pull

1. gap causes asthenosphere/magma to rise and its weight of uplift ridge pushes plates to the side

2. pushed plate beings to subduct at the other end and subducted portion pulls the rest down

How does sea floor spreading also spread continents

newly formed sea floors pushes tectonic ates apart and the continents that are ontop as well