A&P Ch. 9 Study Guide

Fibrous, Cartilaginous, Synovial

Three structural types of joints:

fibrous

adjacent bones are joined by fibrous connective tissue

Cartilaginous

bones joined by hyaline cartilage or fibrocartilage

Synovial

adjacent bones are not directly connected and articulate with each other within a fluid-filled space called a joint cavity

collagen

in Fibrous joints ______ connects bones

Fibrous joints

Cartilaginous joints

Synovial

Immovable or slightly moveable = _______

Slightly moveable = _______

Freely moveable = _______

Sutures, syndesmosis, gomphoses

Three major types of fibrous joints:

hyaline cartilage or fibrocartilage

Cartilaginous joints are connected by ______

Synchondroses and symphyses

Two major types of cartilaginous joints:

joint cavity

Synovial have a _______ lined by the synovial membrane and contain synovial fluid

suture

narrow joint located between skull bones

Syndesmosis

widely separated bones connected by a ligament or interosseous membrane

Gomphosis

narrow joint anchoring the root of a tooth into its bony socket in the jaw

Synostosis

process where connective tissue ossifies, fusing adjacent bones into a single solid bone

Synchondroses

immovable cartilaginous joint where bones are joined by hyaline cartilage

Symphyses

slightly movable cartilaginous joint where bones are united by strong, shock-absorbing fibrocartilage to allow limited movement

structural classification of joints

by the type of tissue present between two articulating bones

functional classification of joints

by the degree of movement they allow between articulating bones

Synarthroses, Amphiarthroses, Diarthroses

Three functional types for classification of joints:

Synarthroses

Immovable joints

Amphiarthroses

Slightly movable joints

Diarthroses

Freely movable joints

Uniaxial, Biaxial, Multiaxial, Nonaxial

4 Types of Synovial Joints:

Uniaxial

movement in a single plane/axis

Biaxial

movement in two planes/axes

Multiaxial (Polyaxial/Triaxial)

movement in all three planes/axes

Uniaxial

Hinge and Pivot

Biaxial

Condyloid and Saddle

Multiaxial

Ball-and-Socket

Hinge

flexion/extension

elbow

example of hinge

Pivot

rotation left/right

dens of axis C2

example of pivot

Condyloid

flexion/extension and abduction/adduction (wrist)

Saddle

flexion/extension and abduction/adduction (carpo-metacarpal joint of thumb)

Ball-and-Socket

rotation, flexion/extension, abduction/adduction

hips and shoulders

example of Ball-and-Socket

wrist

thumb

Condyloid = ______
Saddle = _______

Nonaxial

no axis

nonaxial

Gliding (plane)

Gliding (plane)

gliding in many directions

carpals, tarsals, vertebrae

example of Gliding (plane)

Flexion

decrease angle between moving segment and its proximal segment

Dorsiflexion

specialized flexion of the foot towards the shin

Extension

increase angle between moving segment and its proximal segment

Plantarflexion

specialized extension of foot in an inferior direction (point toes)

Abduction

movement away from midline

Adduction

movement toward the midline

Circumduction

movement in a cone-like shape

Rotation

movement around the longitudinal axis of the moving segment

Supination

rotating hand so palm faces “up” (anteriorly in anatomical position)

Pronation

rotating hand so palm faces “down” (posteriorly in anatomical position)

Osteoporosis

Weakening of the bones to a point where they cannot adequately support weight or resist breakage

Osteoporosis

Aging, loss of estrogen after menopause, dietary imbalances, chronic alcoholism, certain disorders, tobacco use, and an inactive lifestyle are causes of _______

women after menopause

Osteoporosis affects particularly _______

Paget’s Disease

Excessive bone resorption is followed by increased bone formation, resulting in enlarged and deformed bones

Paget’s Disease

Environmental and genetic factors may contribute to the development of _________

Men and women over 40

Paget’s Disease affects ________

Osteogenesis Imperfecta

Hereditary collagen disorder often called “brittle bone disease” that makes bones weaker and more brittle

Osteogenesis Imperfecta

Lack of collagen in the bones makes them weaker and more brittle causes _______

people who inherit the collagen disorder

Osteogenesis Imperfecta affects _______

Osteogenesis Imperfecta

Osteoporosis

Paget’s Disease

_________ → Brittle bones caused by a lack of collagen.

_________ → Bones become weak and more likely to break.

_________ → Bones become enlarged and deformed from excessive remodeling.

Shoulder subluxation

injury of the acromioclavicular (AC) joint where ligaments holding the clavicle to the scapula are damaged

Bursitis

inflammation of the bursae

Arthritis

joint inflammation

Rheumatoid arthritis

autoimmune disease where the body attacks joint tissue, causing chronic inflammation

Nursemaid’s elbow

dislocation of the humeroradial joint, commonly seen in children

Gout

faulty uric acid metabolism causes sharp urate crystals to deposit in joints

Osteoarthritis

chronic, degenerative joint disease often caused by injury, overuse, genetics, or excess weight

Temporomandibular Joint Disease (TMD)

inflammation that can cause pain in the jaw, difficulty chewing, and locking of the jaw