CC Skeletal System 1

Type of cartilage containing no blood vessels or nerves

Skeletal Cartilage

the perichondrium is composed of what type of connective tissue

dense irregular

connective tissue found in skeletal cartilage that resists outward expansion

perichondrium

What are the three types of skeletal cartilage?

1. Hyaline

2. Elastic

3. Fibrocartilage

type of cartilage providing support, flexibility and resilience. Is the most abundant skeletal cartilage.

Hyaline cartilage

type of hyaline cartilage that covers the ends of long bones

articular cartilage

type of Hyaline cartilage that connects the ribs to the sternum

costal cartilage

type of hyaline cartilage that makes up the larynx, and reinforces air passages

respiratory cartilage

type of hyaline cartilage that supports the nose

Nasal Cartilage

type of skeletal cartilage that is similar to hyaline but contains elastic fibers

Elastic Cartilage

type of skeletal cartilage that is found in the external ear and epiglottis

elastic cartilage

type of skeletal cartilage that is highly compressed with great tensile strength, contains collagen fibers

fibrocartilage

type of skeletal cartilage found in the menisci of the knee and in intervertebral discs

fibrocartilage

type of growth that occurs when cells in the perichondrium secrete matrix against the external face of existing cartilage

appositional growth

type of growth where lacunae-bound chondrocytes inside the cartilage divide and secrete new matrix, expanding the cartilage from within

Interstitial growth

When does calcification of cartilage occur?

1. during normal bone growth

2. during old age

What are the 5 functions of bones?

1. support

2. protection

3. movement

4. storage

5. blood cell formation

Function of bones that has them forming the framework that holds up the body and cradles soft organs

support

function of the bones providing a case for the brain, spinal cord, and vital organs

protection

function of the bones providing levers for muscles

movement

function of the bones that says they act as a reservoir for minerals especially calcium and phosphorus, as well as fats

storage

function of the bones for hematopoiesis that occurs within the marrow cavities

Blood Cell formation

bones of the skull, vertebral column, and rib cage

Axial skeleton

bones of the upper and lower limbs, shoulder, and hip

Appendicular Skeleton

bones that are longer than they are wide

Long Bones

the humerus is an example of what bone shape

Long

type of bone that is cube shaped and found in the wrist and ankle, bones that form within tendons

Short bones

type of bone shape that is thin, flattened, and bit curves

flat bones

what are some examples of flat bones

sternum, and most skull bones

type of bone that have complicated shapes

Irregular bones

what are some examples of irregular bones?

vertebrae and hip bones

what are the two major parts of a long bone

epiphysis and diaphysis

tubular shaft that forms the axis of long bones, composed of compact bone that surrounds the medullary cavity, yellow bone marrow being contained in the medullary cavity

Diaphysis

fat that is contained in the medullary cavity of a bone

yellow bone marrow

expanded ends of a long bone, exterior is compact bone, and the interior is spongy bone, joint surface is covered with articular cartilage

Epiphyses

dense outer layer of a bone is this type of bone

compact bone

honeycomb of trabeculae filled with bone marrow

spongy bone

type of bone marrow found mainly in the medullary cavity of long bones, storing lipids

yellow marrow

type of bone marrow found mainly in spongy bone, forms blood cells

red marrow

double-layered protective membrane, the outer fibrous layer is dense irregular connective tissue, inner osteogenic layer is composed of osteoblasts and osteoclasts, richly supplied with nerve fibers, lymphatic vessels

periosteum

delicate membrane covering internal surfaces of bone

endosteum

type of bones that have no diaphysis or epiphysis, contain bone marrow between trabeculae

short

irregular

flat

mature bone cells

osteocytes

small cavities in bone that contain osteocytes

Lacunae

hairlike canals that connect lacunae to each other and the central canal

Canaliculi

the structural unit of compact bone

Haversian System or osteon

weight bearing, column like matrix tubes composed mainly of collagen

Lamella

central chanel containing blood vessels and nerves

Haversian or central canal

Channels lying at right angles to the central canal, connecting blood and nerve supply of the periosteum to that of the Haversian canal

Volkmann's Canals

bone-forming cells

osteoblasts

mature bone cells

osteocytes

large cells that resorb or break down bone matrix

osteoclasts

unmineralized bone matrix composed of proteoglycans, glycoproteins, and collagen

osteoid

make up 65% of bone by mass, mainly calcium phosphate, responsible for bone hardness and its resistance to compression

inorganic composition of bone

the process of bone tissue formation

osteogenesis and ossification

the formation of the bony skeleton in embryos, bone growth until early adulthood, bone thickness, remodeling and repair

osteogenesis and ossification

when does the bony skeleton begin to form

week 8 of embryo development

when bone develops from a fibrous membrane

intramembranous ossification

bone forms by replacing hyaline cartilage

endochondrial ossification

formation of most of the bones of the skull and the clavicles, fibrous connective tissue membranes are formed by mesenchymal cells

intramembranous ossification

What are the stages of intramembranous ossification?

1. An ossification center appears in the fibrous connective tissue membrane

2. Bone matrix is secreted within the fibrous membrane

3. Woven bone and periosteum form

4. Bone collar of compact bone forms and red marrow appears