history exam 3

Northwest Ordinance (1787)

the land policy for new western territories in the Ohio Valley that established the terms and conditions for self-government and statehood while also banning slavery from the region

Shays rebellion

the storming of the Massachusetts federal arsenal in 1787 by Daniel Shays and 1200 armed farmers seeking debt relief from the state legislature through the insurance of paper currency and lower taxes

federalism

division of power between national govt. and states

separation of powers

legislature — congress

executive — president

judiciary — court system

check and balance one another

anti-federalists

opposed new constitution and feared the federal govt would favor well-born, destroy states, and become a dictorial power

federalists

supported the new constitution

the federalist papers

85 articles written by Alexander Hamilton, James Madison, and John Jay in support of the constitution

bill of rights

ratified in 1791 and 1st 10 amendments to the constitution guarenteeing citizen’s rights (freedom of speech, assembly, and worship)

Jeffersonian republicans

the political party founded by Thomas Jefferson in opposition to the federalist party led by Alexander Hamilton and John Adams

Alexander Hamilton

a fervent federalist and a prolific contributor to the federalist papers, served as George Washington’s secretary of the treasury from 1789 to 1795. faced w the challenge of repaying the national debt, he promoted an economic system that established federal taxes and a national bank

Bank of United States

national bank responsible for holding and transferring federal govt funds, making business loans, and issuing a national currency

Thomas Jefferson

Alexander Hamilton’s chief rival, fought against New Yorker Hamilton’s emphasis on industrial development. Jefferson pushed for a agrarian America instead

French revolution

neutrality proclamation: US will not become involved in any French wars

Jays Treaty

a controversial agreement between the US, negotiated by chief justice John Jay, that settled disputes over trade, prewar debts owed to british merchants, british occupied forts un americsn territory and the seizure of american ships and cargo

whiskey rebellion

1794 rebellion of farmers in penn.

• threaten to leave the union

• burn house of federal tax collector

• washington leads militia to penn (14,00 militiamen)

alien and sedition acts of 1798

4 measures passed during the undeclared war w France that limited the freedoms of speech and press and restricted the liberty of immigrants

xyz affair

US diplomats only allowed to meet w french foreign minster if:

• give france a low interest loan

• pay american merchants claims aginst france

• pay a bribe ($250,000)

articles of confederation

• 1st form of govt for US

• ratified 1781, replaced in 1787

- congress would would be institution of national authority

- each state would have one vote (good for small states bad for big states)

confederation could

• conduct war

• foreign relations

• borrow/issue money

• regulate post offices

• appoint military officers

• build/equip navy

confederation could not

regulate trade

draft troops

levy taxes

no chief executive

no judiciary

constitutuional convention

• may 25-sept. 17 1787

• purpose: revise the articles of confederation

• who: 12/13 colonies

• presiding officer: George Washington

• key figures: Alexander Hamilton & James Madison

virginia plan

• 2 house legislature

• lower house: states will be represented in proportion to pop.

• upper house: members elected by members of lower house

new jersey plan

1 house legislature: equal representation

great compromise

• commitee headed by ben franklin

• adapted virginia plan

• lower house: based on pop.

• upper house: states represented equally w 2 members rachm elected by state legislatures

three-fifths compromise

3/5 of the slave pop would be counted as part of the state pop

aaron burr

• american aristocrat?

• revolutionary war veteran

• resigns 1779

• ny lawyer

• politician — “fun, honor, profit”

• network of loyalties and favors

republican simplicity

deliberate attitude of humility and frugality adopted by Jefferson during his presidency

Marbury vs Madison

1st supreme court decision to declare federal law unconstitutional

• leads to establishment of judicial review: process of deciding whether acts of congress are constitutional

Treaty of San Idle Fonso (1800)

secret treaty — spain gives louisiana back to france

• 1802 jefferson hears about treaty

• a threat to america?

- american ships to forbidden to deposit cargo in new orleans

lewis and clark expedition

• expedition to explore Louisiana Purchase

- to study geography/plant/animal life

- discover best way to economically exploit

- set up trading relations w/ western indians

- find a waterway to the pacific ocean

chesapeake & leopard

american captain refuses british search

• 3 americans killed, 18 wounded

• 4 taken prisoner

• results: great britain returns 3 men but refuses to renounce practice of impressment

the embargo act

banned american ships from sailing to foreign ports

impressment

sailors forced into naval service

non-intercourse act

reopened trades w all nations except great britain and france

william harry harrison

appointed governor of indian territory

battle of tippecanoe

harrison provoked native americans to attack

war 1812

war was declared

why?:

• native american problems in the west

• want territory of florida

• british restrictions of americans commerce and shipping rights

• british impressment practices

battle of new orleans

• last major battle

• british retreat — 700 dead, 1400 wounded, 500 taken

• american loses: 8 killed, 13 wounded

treaty of ghent

officially ends war of 1812

• signed december 24, 1814

industrial revolution

shift from hand made manufacturing to mass production using powered machinery

james watts

advanced steam engine in 1769 leads to increased factory production

market economy

large scale manufacturing and commercial agriculture (rather than a barter economy)

oliver evans

invented automated flour mill

eli whitney

invented cottin gin (engine)

results:

• reduced production cost

• demand for raw cotton skyrockets

• price of slaves increases/slavery spreads

steamboats

travel possible up and down river

robert fulton

perfects the steamboat

erie canal

connecting the hudson (NY) w/ lake erie

penny press

first paper selling for 1 penny

• appealed to readers “most means”

• local news: sex, crime, violence

samuel f. b. morse

telegraph — instant communication between cities