Pathophysiology and Systemic Disorders Review Flashcards

Vocabulary flashcards covering immune system, cancer & WBC disorders, RBC disorders, hemostasis & coagulation, cardiovascular disorders, heart failure, valvular disorders, and respiratory disorders based on lecture review notes.

Cell-Mediated Immunity

A component of the immune system driven by T-cells that directly attack invading pathogens.

Humoral Immunity

Immunity mediated by macromolecular antibodies produced by B-cells to protect the body.

T-Cells

Immune cells responsible for cell-mediated immunity that directly attack target cells.

B-Cells

Immune cells that produce antibodies involved in humoral immunity to protect the body.

Multiple Myeloma Primary Pain Source

The primary source of pain for patients with multiple myeloma, located in the back (back pain).

Acute Myelogenous Leukemia (AML)

A white blood cell disorder characterized by a drop in white blood cells (WBCs).

Acute Myelogenous Leukemia Symptoms

Typical presenting symptoms of AML, prominently including back pain.

Acute Myelogenous Leukemia Lab Findings - WBC

Laboratory finding in AML supporting diagnosis characterized by a decrease in WBC count.

Acute Myelogenous Leukemia Lab Findings - RBC

Laboratory finding in AML supporting diagnosis characterized by an increase in RBC count.

Acute Myelogenous Leukemia Lab Findings - Platelets

Laboratory finding in AML supporting diagnosis characterized by a decrease in platelet count.

Hodgkin's Lymphoma Diagnostic Finding

Lymphoma type characterized specifically by the presence of Reed-Sternberg cells.

Non-Hodgkin's Lymphoma Diagnostic Finding

Lymphoma type characterized by abnormal large B-cells and enlarged lymph nodes.

Reed-Sternberg Cells

Specific abnormal cells found in Hodgkin's lymphoma that differentiate it from Non-Hodgkin's lymphoma.

Sickle Cell Anemia

A red blood cell disorder characterized by mis-shaped RBCs.

Sickle Cell Crisis Symptoms

The primary sign and symptom during a sickle cell crisis, characterized by major pain.

Causes of Anemias - Blood Loss

Anemia etiology caused by hemorrhage or loss of blood volume.

Causes of Anemias - Genetics

Anemia etiology originating from inherited or genetic factors.

Causes of Anemias - Illness

Anemia etiology caused by underlying disease or systemic illness.

Causes of Anemias - Pregnancy

Anemia etiology occurring secondary to gestation and physiological blood volume changes.

Hypochromic

Classification term for red blood cells that appear pale.

Hyperchromic

Classification term for red blood cells that appear dark.

Macrocytic

Classification term for red blood cells that are abnormally large.

Normocytic

Classification term for red blood cells that are normal in size.

Microcytic

Classification term for red blood cells that are abnormally small.

Fibrinogen

Coagulation factor that binds to the site of injury to clot.

Fibrin Clot Risk

Risk associated with fibrin accumulation and clot formation within the coagulation cascade.

Plasminogen

Component in the coagulation system that acts as a clot buster.

Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation (DIC)

A severe coagulopathy defined by the formation of many small tiny blood clots throughout vessels.

Thrombocytopenia

A hematologic disorder defined by a low platelet count.

Thrombocytopenia CBC Threshold

Complete blood count lab value showing a platelet count of less than $150{,}000$.

Thrombocytopenia Risk Factor - Medications

Pharmacological agents or meds that predispose patients to developing low platelet counts.

Thrombocytopenia Risk Factor - Illness

Underlying clinical illness that compromises platelet production or survival.

Thrombocytopenia Risk Factor - Leukemia

Hematologic malignancy that puts patients at risk for thrombocytopenia.

Thrombocytopenia Risk Factor - Chemotherapy

Cancer treatment therapy (chemo) that increases patient risk for low platelet counts.

Thrombocytopenia Complication

The primary clinical complication resulting from thrombocytopenia: bleeding.

Bruising in Thrombocytopenia

A clinical manifestation seen on physical exam in patients with low platelet counts.

Petechiae

Small, pinpoint mucosal or skin hemorrhages associated with thrombocytopenia.

Purpura

Red or purple discolored spots on the skin caused by minor bleeding underneath, seen in low platelet states.

Atherosclerosis Inflammatory Phase Symptoms

Presenting systemic symptoms occurring in the inflammatory phase, consisting of fever, chills, and fatigue.

Inflammatory Lab Marker for Atherosclerosis

Laboratory value that indicates active inflammation in atherosclerosis: elevated WBC.

Atherosclerosis Lipid Profile Risk - High LDL

Lipid panel finding concerning for atherosclerosis characterized by elevated low-density lipoprotein.

Atherosclerosis Lipid Profile Risk - Low HDL

Lipid panel finding concerning for atherosclerosis characterized by reduced high-density lipoprotein.

Atherosclerosis Lipid Profile Risk - Cholesterol

Elevated lipid profile measurement monitored for risk of developing atherosclerosis.

Angina Pathophysiology

Chest pain condition that develops due to lack of oxygen to heart muscles.

Myocardial Infarction Pathophysiology

Ischemic cardiac event developing from blockage of heart muscle, causing tissue to die.

Acute Coronary Syndrome (ACS)

Cardiovascular disorder defined as a sudden reduction of blood flow to the heart.

Cardiac Markers for MI - CMPK

Enzyme cardiac marker used to help determine if a patient has experienced an acute MI.

Cardiac Markers for MI - Troponin

The diagnostic cardiac marker that is most cardiac-specific for determining an acute MI.

Priority Diagnostic Test for Chest Pain

Electrocardiogram (EKG), which is a priority diagnostic test when a patient presents with chest pain.

Priority Chest Pain Intervention - Nitroglycerin

Vasodilator therapy administered as part of priority management for chest pain.

Priority Chest Pain Intervention - Beta Blocker

Cardiovascular drug class administered during priority intervention for chest pain/MI.

Priority Chest Pain Intervention - Morphine

Analgesic medication given as part of priority treatment for acute chest pain.

Priority Chest Pain Intervention - Oxygen

Supplemental therapy administered as a priority to address oxygen deficit during chest pain.

Acute MI Complications - Chest Pain

Persistent or recurring symptom presenting as a complication of acute myocardial infarction.

Acute MI Complications - Shortness of Breath (SOB)

Respiratory symptom occurring as a complication of acute cardiac ischemia and MI.

Acute MI Complications - Death in Tissue

Necrosis and irreversible tissue loss within the heart muscle following acute MI.

Acute MI Complications - Fatal Outcome

Lethal consequence that can occur as a complication of severe acute MI.

Beck's Triad Component - Hypotension

Low blood pressure, serving as one of the three classic components of Beck's Triad in cardiac tamponade.

Beck's Triad Component - JVD

Jugular venous distension, serving as one of the three classic components of Beck's Triad.

Beck's Triad Component - Muffled Heart Sounds

Distant or muffled cardiac sounds on auscultation, serving as a component of Beck's Triad.

Prinzmetal's Angina

A form of angina caused specifically by coronary muscle spasms.

Atherosclerotic Angina Mechanism

Angina condition distinct from Prinzmetal's because the coronary arteries are full of plaque.

Infective Endocarditis

Cardiovascular disorder where infection reaches the inner lining of the heart.

Infective Endocarditis Risk Group - Drug Users

High-risk patient population predisposed to infective endocarditis due to IV drug exposure.

Infective Endocarditis Risk Factor - Pneumonia

Respiratory infection condition listed as a risk factor for infective endocarditis.

Infective Endocarditis Causative Organism

Staph aureus, a bacterial pathogen associated with infective endocarditis.

Infective Endocarditis Symptoms

Typical clinical presenting symptoms consisting of pain and chest pressure.

Pericarditis Systemic Symptoms

Typical presenting systemic signs including fever, chills, and fatigue.

Pericarditis Cardiac Sign

Auscultatory cardiac manifestation presenting as a heart murmur in pericarditis.

Echocardiogram Purpose in Pericarditis

Diagnostic test performed on pericarditis patients specifically to evaluate for valve damage.

Left-Sided Heart Failure Pathophysiology

Heart failure pathophysiology where blood backs up into the lungs.

Left-Sided Heart Failure Primary Target

Organ system primarily affected by left-sided failure presentation: the lungs.

Right-Sided Heart Failure Pathophysiology

Heart failure pathophysiology where the heart can't pump blood back into systemic veins.

Right-Sided Heart Failure Primary Target

Anatomical region affected by right-sided failure congestion: rest of the body.

Cor Pulmonale

Right-sided heart failure resulting from pulmonary pathology.

Cor Pulmonale Etiology

Condition where left-sided heart failure causes the heart to fail overall, leading to right-sided failure.

Cor Pulmonale Side Involved

Specific side of heart failure associated with Cor Pulmonale: right-sided heart failure.

Preload

Cardiovascular term defined as how much blood is in the heart.

Afterload

Cardiovascular term defined as how much blood/pressure is left in the heart after contraction.

Contractility

Cardiovascular term defined as how well the heart can squeeze.

Inotropy

Cardiovascular property synonymous with contractility.

Chronotropy

Cardiovascular property defined specifically as heart rate.

Mitral Stenosis

Valvular defect where blood can't exit through the mitral valve effectively.

Mitral Regurgitation

Valvular disorder characterized by quivering motion during regurgitation.

Aortic Stenosis

Valvular defect where blood can't exit through the aortic valve.

Aortic Regurgitation

Valvular defect where blood leaks back into the left atrium.

Emphysema Pathophysiology

Respiratory disease pathophysiology characterized by damaged lung tissue and alveoli damage.

Pulmonary Embolism Cause - Plaque

Vascular debris/plaque factor leading to pulmonary embolism development.

Pulmonary Embolism Cause - Obesity

Physical risk factor contributing to the development of pulmonary embolism.

Pulmonary Embolism Cause - Endothelial Tissue

Vascular wall factor involved in the development of pulmonary embolism.

Pulmonary Embolism Cause - Smoking

Behavioral risk factor leading to elevated risk of pulmonary embolism.

Pneumonia Diagnostic - Chest X-Ray

Diagnostic imaging study used in evaluating and identifying pneumonia.

Pneumonia Diagnostic - Sputum Cultures

Diagnostic laboratory study performed to identify pathogen causing pneumonia.

Pneumonia Sign - Crackles

Auscultatory breath sound characteristic of pneumonia.

Pneumonia Sign - Fever

Systemic temperature symptom presenting in pneumonia.

Pneumonia Sign - Dyspnea

Clinical presentation of difficult or labored breathing in pneumonia.

Pneumonia Sign - Fatigue

Systemic symptom of generalized tiredness associated with pneumonia.

Primary Spontaneous Pneumothorax

Pleural condition where a clot/air enters and gets stuck in the lung.

Spontaneous Pneumothorax Risk - Tall Males

Demographic body type at increased risk for spontaneous pneumothorax.

Spontaneous Pneumothorax Risk - Smokers

Inhalation habit risk factor associated with spontaneous pneumothorax.