Psychology unit 2 flashcards

Tajfel Kandinsky vs. Klee study

An experiment by Henri Tajfel that demonstrated how simply being assigned to a group can cause people to favor their own group over others, even when the groups are completely meaningless.

Social identity theory

A theory developed by Henri Tajfel explaining how people develop their identity and sense of self through the social groups they belong to.

Social Identity Theory: Social Categorization

We divide people (including ourselves) into different social groups.

Social Identity Theory: Social Identification

We begin to identify with a group and adopt its values, behaviors, and beliefs.

Social Identity Theory: Social Comparison

We compare our group with other groups to understand how we are different.

Social Identity Theory: Positive Distinctiveness

We want our group to be viewed positively and as better or different in a favorable way compared with other groups.

In group

A group that a person belongs to and identifies with.

Out group

A group that a person does NOT belong to or identify with.

In group bias / out group bias

The tendency to favor members of your own group (in-group) while judging or treating people outside your group (out-group) less favorably.

In group bias

Believing your school's students are better than everyone else's.

Out group bias

Assuming students from another school are less friendly or less intelligent.

Normative Conformity

Changing your behavior or opinions to fit in with a group because you want to be accepted and avoid rejection. You want to FIT IN.

Salomon Ash & the “Ash Paradigm” (experiment)

An experiment conducted by psychologist Solomon Asch that demonstrated how people may conform to a group's incorrect answer, even when the correct answer is obvious Main takeaway: People sometimes conform to a group even when they know the group is wrong.

Informational Conformity

Changing your behavior or beliefs because you believe other people have more accurate information or know better than you. You want to BE CORRECT

Bandura

Albert Bandura was a psychologist who developed Social Learning Theory, which explains how people learn behaviors by observing and imitating others. His research demonstrated that people don't always need to experience something themselves to learn it. They can learn simply by watching someone else.

Bobo doll experiment

An experiment conducted by Albert Bandura demonstrating that children can learn aggressive behaviors by observing and imitating adults. Children can learn behaviors by watching and copying others, including aggressive behaviors.

Social Learning Theory

The four processes that must occur for observational learning to take place.

Social Learning Theory: Attention

You must pay attention to the person you're observing.

Social Learning Theory: Retention

You must remember what you observed.

Social Learning Theory: Reproduction

You must be physically and mentally capable of performing the behavior yourself.

Social Learning Theory: Motivation

You must have a reason or desire to perform the behavior.

Model

A model is a person whose behavior is observed and potentially imitated.

Modeling

Modeling is the process of learning or copying behavior by observing that person.

Observational Learning

Learning new behaviors, skills, or information by watching other people and observing the consequences of their actions.

Compliance

Compliance is changing your behavior or agreeing to a request because someone has asked you to do something, even if you don't necessarily agree with it.

Compliance Techniques: Social Proof

The tendency to follow other people's behavior because we assume that if many people are doing something, it must be correct or desirable.

Compliance Techniques: Scarcity

The idea that people place greater value on something when it is limited in quantity or available for only a short time.

Compliance Techniques: Liking

People are more likely to agree to requests from people they like, find attractive, or have things in common with.

Mere exposure effect

The psychological phenomenon in which repeated exposure to something makes us develop a greater preference or liking for it.

Foot in the door

A persuasion technique where someone starts by asking for a small favor. Once the person agrees, they are more likely to agree to a larger request later.

Door in the face

A persuasion technique where someone starts by making a very large request that will likely be rejected, then follows it with a smaller, more reasonable request.

Hoefstede : Cultural Dimensions

Geert Hofstede was a psychologist who developed a framework explaining how cultures differ in their values, beliefs, and social behaviors. He identified six cultural dimensions that help explain differences between societies.

Cultural Dimensions: Power distance

The extent to which a society accepts differences in power, authority, and social status. (High= accepts power figure, Low= questions power figures)

Cultural Dimensions: Collectivism vs Individualism

Describes whether a culture prioritizes the needs of the group or the individual.

-Collectivism: Prioritizes group goals, family, community, and cooperation.

-Individualism: Prioritizes personal freedom, independence, and individual achievements.

Cultural Dimensions: Uncertainty Avoidance 

The extent to which a society feels uncomfortable with uncertainty, unfamiliar situations, and unpredictable circumstances. (High= prefer rules, doesent like uncertainty, Low= more comfortable with change and uncertainty)

Cultural Dimensions: Long-Term vs Short-Term Orientation

 Describes whether a culture prioritizes future goals and long-term planning or immediate results and traditional values. 

• Long-term orientation: Focuses on persistence, saving, and future rewards.

• Short-term orientation: Focuses more on immediate results, traditions, and fulfilling current social obligations.

Cultural Dimensions: Indulgence vs Restraint 

Describes how much a culture allows people to freely satisfy their desires and enjoy life.

• Indulgence: Encourages enjoying life, having fun, and freely expressing personal desires.

• Restraint: Emphasizes controlling desires and following social rules and expectations.

Cultural Dimensions: Masculinity vs Femininity 

Describes whether a culture places greater importance on competition, achievement, and success or cooperation, relationships, and quality of life.

• Masculine cultures: Emphasize competition, ambition, achievement, and material success.

• Feminine cultures: Emphasize cooperation, caring for others, relationships, and quality of life.

Enculturation

The process of learning and adopting the values, beliefs, traditions, and behaviors of your own culture. Learning YOUR original culture.

Acculturation

The process of adapting to and adopting aspects of a different culture, usually after coming into contact with it.  Adapting to a NEW culture.

Stereotype

A generalized and often oversimplified belief or assumption about a particular group of people.

Stereotype threat

When a person feels anxious or under pressure because they fear confirming a negative stereotype about a group they belong to, which can negatively affect their performance.

Bystander effect

The phenomenon in which people are less likely to help someone in need when other people are present.

Diffusion of responsibility

When people feel less personally responsible for taking action because they believe other people will take responsibility instead.

Social Loafing

The tendency for individuals to put in less effort when working in a group compared to when working individually.

Social Facilitation

The tendency for the presence of other people to improve an individual's performance on simple or well-practiced tasks.

Berry's Acculturation Model

Psychologist John Berry developed a model explaining how people adapt when they come into contact with a new culture.

Berry’s acculturation model: Integration

Both cultures

Maintains original culture: Yes

Adopts new culture: Yes

Keeps traditions from their original culture while also participating in the new culture.

Berry’s acculturation model: Assimilation

New culture

Maintains original culture: No

Adopts new culture: Yes

Gives up much of their original cultural identity to adopt the new culture.

Berry’s acculturation model: Separation

Original culture

Maintains original culture: Yes

Adopts new culture: No

Maintains their original culture while avoiding participation in the new culture.

Berry’s acculturation model: Marginalization

Neither

Maintains original culture: No

Adopts new culture: No

Feels disconnected from both their original culture and the new culture.

Conformity

Conformity is when an individual changes their behavior, beliefs, or opinions to match those of a group.