Paradigms

4 characteristics of Psycholopathology

1) Disability/Functional Impairment

2) Personal Distress

3) Violation of Social Norms

4) Harmful Dysfunction

Positive Reinforcement

Adding something that increases a behavior is

Negative Reinforcement

Removing something that increases a behavior

Positive Punishment

Adding something that decreases behavior

Negative Punishment

Removing something that decreases behavior

Psychological disorder

a pattern of symptoms that cause marked distress and impairment

Psychological Disorders involve CEBP. What do those letters stand for?

C - Cognitive: thoughts & beliefs

E- Emotional: mood, fear, sadness

B - Behavioral: approach, avoidance, catatonia

P - Physical: sleep, appetite, energy, stomach aches

Developmental Psychopathology

This concept asks: How does psychological functioning develop and change over time?

Assumption about Developmental Psychopathology/ Developmental Paradigm

1) Development (typ & atyp) are Multiply determined

2) child and envrionment are interdependent (reciprocal)

3) Development involves continuity & discontinuity

Heritabitlity

The proportion of variation in a trait within a population that can be attributed to genetic differences b/t indivudals

Heritability is 40%. What does that mean?

40% of the variation in the trait studied within that population is attributed to genetics

Phenotype

an observable or measurable characteristic of an individual

ex) height, depression, anxiety symptoms, temperament

pleiotropy

single gene -> multiple phenotypes (traits)

Genetic Heterogeneity

Many genes -> one phenotype (trait)

Mendelian (discrete) traits

Genetic disorder caused by mutations in a single gene, such as Down Syndrome or Cystic Fibrosis

Why we care about Psychopathology?

These reason are why

1) Dimension are increasingly prevelent (mental issues increasing

2) It uniquely predict poor life-health outcomes

3) Mental & Physical Health reciprocally influence each other

Psychopathlogy

Learning about the Nature, development, and treatment of mental problems

Passive-Gene Environmental Correlation

Parental genes affect the "parental environment" that affects child development

What type of Gene-Environmental Correltion is this?

Evocative-Gene Environmental Correlation?

Genetically influenced traits influence our response to our environments

What type of Gene-Environmental Correlation is this?

Active-Gene Environmental Correlation

Genetically influenced traits influence our choice of environments

What type of Gene-Environmental Correlation is this?

Paradigm

What is a Conceptual framework that guides scientific inquiry

-> can be theoretical/empirical approach

-> can have assumptions, definitions, methods

Neurobiological Paradigm

Brain and Central Nervous System cause differences in psychopathology and are sensitive to experience

- emphasize on Neural Plasiticty

Pedagogical Values

1) intellectual & personal growth

2) learn to tolerate discomfort

3) choices have consequences

What are these types of values?

Complex phenotypes with no 1:1 correspondence

mental disorders, quantitative traits such as height, personality, IQ, weight, blood pressure, and brain anatomy.

structure; function

social experience and environments affect __________ and _________ of genes

Neural Plasticity

refers to how our brain shows use-dependent differentiation of anatomy/functioning across development- in other terms EXPERIENCES SHAPE BRAIN DEVELOPEMENT

How STRESS plays into Diathesis

stress may worsen the underlying vulnerability, basically activating the underlying vuneralbility to have disease

synergistically

Gene & environment operate _______________

1) Active gene environmental correlation

2) Evocative gene environmental correlation

3) Passive gene environmental correlation

Gene-Environment Correlations

Gene-Environment Correlation

genetic influences on individual differences in liability (probality) to experience or be exposed to specfic environments is called?

Diathesis

Underlying predisposition or vulnerability (bio, psych) that increases the risk of developing poor mental health is called?

Development in the Development Paradigm can be characterized by 2 things. They are?

1) continuity

2) discontinuity

risk factor

Variables that precede a negative outcome and increase the chances that the outcome will occur is called?

Protective Factor

variables that reduce the chances of mental health problems, help shield risk factor

Define Discontinuity in Development Paradigm

development is inconsistent and perhaps non-linear not every who smokes develops lung cancer

not every who has lung cancer smokes

Define continuity in the Development Paradigm

development is persistent and continuousex) austim

Typical

Cannot go under Atypical developemnt without _________ development

Monozygotic (MZ) twins are genetically Identical twins? How much DNA do they share?

However Dizygotic (DZ) twins and full-siblings only share how much percent?

100%

50%

What is the probability a MZ twin has a mendelian disease if the other MZ twin does?

What if it wasn’t a mendelian disease?

100%

We don’t know proving that genetic don’t aren’t the only cause of mental disorders.

Do traits that ‘run in families’ only suggest genetic

influences?

Other than our shared DNA, it is the SHARED ENVIRONMENT, such as modeling from parents, that makes biological experiences similar.

In Data from Gottesman, 1994, the dependent variable was the Risk of developing schizophrenia is studied. The independent variables are people with different levels of relatedness. What did this study demonstrate?

The connection that genetic influences are prevalent for disorders such as schizophrenia.

A study on how similar biological offspring are to their parents, and how similar adopted offspring are to their adoptive parents. And to understand what similarities are genetic and environmental.

Adoption Studies/Design

A study by Connor, Deater-Deckard, Fulker, Rutter, & Plomin, 1998.

Design: Adoption Study

Demographic studied: Adopted Kids

X variables: Adoptive mother’s negative parenting & Biological mother’s antisocial behavior

Blue are more at risk genetically for antisocial behavior

Gold are low risk genetically for antisocial behavior

Blue & Gold are based on Biological Mom’s antisocial behavior

These kids are adopted and observed over the ages of 7-12.

Y: The frequency of negative parenting

This study demonstrated which gene-correlation?

evocative gene correlation