brain and behavior exam 3 quiz questions

What is a somatotopic map?

A region of the nervous system where somatosensory information is divided up into regions based on which part of the body that information came from (particular place for hand info, other place for foot info, etc.)

A dermatone is...

An area of skin innervated by a single spinal nerve

A labelled line is

A fiber tract that carries one kind of sensory information (touch alone, pain alone, etc.)

What is habituation?

The reduction of perception of a stimulus despite constant stimulus intensitiy

If you suffered damage to the left touch pathway before it reached the medulla you would lose sensation on the_____ side of your body, if you suffered damage to the left touch pathway after it reached the medulla you would sensation on the ____ side of your body.

Left/Right

What is a sensory homonculous?

A representation of how much of the primary sensory cortex is dedicated to each limb

Synesthesia is

A disorder wehre senses are experienced to inappropriate stimuli (e.g. auditory response to tastes, or visual response to sounds)

Information can be suppressed by

1. Feedback to peripheral receptors

2. removing the stimulus

3. top down modulation(brain suppressing some sensory inputs but intensifying others)

Primary somatosensory neurons are primarily located

In the dorsal root ganglion of the spine

The system that delivers touch information to the brain is

The dorsal column system

The receptors that respond to painful stimuli are called

Nociceptors

Muscles contract because

____ and actin filaments increase their level of overlap.

myosin

Proprioception is

Sometimes called a "sixth sense" by neuroscientists

What allows you to perform tasks when you are not actively looking at them

The sense of where your body is in space

Free nerve endings

pain, heat, and cold

meissner’s corpuscle

changes in stimuli

Pacinian/lamellated corpuscle

vibration and pressure

merkel’s discs

points and edges

ruffni corpuscle

stretching of the skin

Transient Receptor Potential M3 Receptors

Respond to high temperatures
Are phasic receptors
Give rapid, short lasting responses
Are found on A delta fibers

A _______ is a simple, stereotyped, and unlearned movement response.

______ acts are complex movement behaviors that require planning.

reflex, motor

An injury occurs to the brainstem above the medulla on the left side, stopping both the DCML and the Anterolateral system from ascending further. What effect does this have?

Touch is lost in the right leg, and pain is lost in the right leg

Somatosensory information is carried by the 

Dorsal Columns of the spine

Naloxone can be used used to test whether different analgesia methods work through the release of endogenous

opioids

The

_______ is a structure that monitors exent and rate of stretch in muscles. The

_______ monitors force of contraction and is involved in protective resources to prevent overexertion of muscle tissue.

muscle spindle, golgi tendon

The two major motor control mechanisms are a feed-

________ system that favors accuracy over speed, and a feed-

________system that favors speed over accuracy.

back, forward

A motor unit is

A motorneuron and all of its target muscle fibers

Motor units vary in size, with neurons involved in more delicate motions generally innervating fewer muscles.

True

Motor neurons are tuned to particul directional motions of the muscles in their motor unit

True

Extrapyramidal tract origin

basal ganglia and cerebellum

Extrapyramidal tract function

Fine tunes movement

Pyramidal tract function

Primary motor control system

Pyramidal tract origin

Motor Cortex

Pyramidal tract decussation

pyramids of medulla

Projections from sensory neurons decussate at the level of the

______

while neurons responding to pain decussate at the level of the

________

. Severe pain responses require substance

________

while touch responses do not.

medulla, spine, P

Muscles can either be

_______

and work together or be

_______

and work in opposition.

synergists, antagonists

Motor neurons

Synapse at neuromuscular junction
Send axons along ventral roots
Have somas in the spine
Release ACh

The somatotopy of S1 and M1 are very similar

True

Synapse on periaqueductal grey, causing release of endogenous opioids.

Spinomesencephalic

Less well understood, possibly regulates attention

Spinoreticular

Primary sensation of pain and where it is in the body

Spinothalamic

The physical structure of the exterior ear can reinforce some frequencies. This is known as 

spectral filtering

Timbre

characteristic sound quality of a sound source, related to the relative intensities of harmonics

Pure tone

Sound with a single frequency

Frequency

Soundwave's # of cycles/second, measured in Hz

Amplitude

Intensity of a soundwave, measured in dB

Pitch

The subjective perception of sound

A tuning curve for an auditory neuron would show

The relative amplitude required for the neuron to respond to different frequencies of sound

What would happen if the stereocilia on hair cells were not connected by tip links?

Hair cells would be unable to release neurotransmitter
Hair cells would be unable to depolarize

Loss of the ossicles would cause

Significant loss of hearing/possible deafness as the ossicles are important for converting air vibrations to fluid vibrations in the inner ear

dB are

the units of a measure of amplitude

decibels

the units of a logarithmic measure of sound intensity

The _______

membrane encodes specific sounds by which position vibrates the most intensely in response to the sound.

basilar

________ afferents are primarily involved in sound conduction,

__________

afferents give the mechanical status of the basilar membrane.

IHC,OHC

The

_______

of

________

is the part of the cochlea responsible for turning sound vibrations into neural activity

organ, corti

Human ears enhance sounds in the 2000-5000 Hz range, it is thought that is because

That range is particularly relevant to human vocalizations and speech