Dentals

what is the structure highlighted in pink?

enamel

what is the structure highlighted in blue?

dentin

what is the structure highlighted in red?

bone

what is the structure highlighted in green?

pulp

what are the four quadrants in palmer’s notation?

upper left, upper right, lower left, lower right

which are the maxillary teeth?

upper teeth

which are the mandibular teeth?

lower teeth

what does 1 represent in palmer’s notation?

central incisor

what does 2 represent in palmer’s notation?

lateral incisor

what does 3 represent in palmer’s notation?

canine

what does 4 represent in palmer’s notation?

first premolar

what does 5 represent in palmer’s notation?

second premolar

what does 6 represent in palmer’s notation?

first molar

what does 7 represent in palmer’s notation?

second molar

what does 8 represent in palmer’s notation?

third molar

what are the two types of dental x-rays?

intraoral and extraoral

what are the different types of intraoral techniques?

periapical, bitewing, and occlusal

what are the two different periapical techniques?

paralleling and bisecting angle techniques.

what are the different types of extraoral techniques?

lateral cephalometry, OPG, lateral oblique mandible, PA mandible

what does OPG stand for?

Orthopantomogram

what is a periapical dental x-ray?

captures the entire tooth structure and surrounding alveolar bone, to assess the 2nd to 4th teeth

what are the clinical indications for a periapical x-ray?

apical infection/cyst, impacted tooth, root morphology prior to surgery, evaluate implants

what is the parallel technique for a periapical x-ray?

the x-ray film is parallel to the long axis of the teeth with the central beam perpendicular to the film/tooth

what are the benefits of the parallel periapical technique?

reduces distortion, has true anatomical relation, reduces magnification, reproducible

what are the disadvantages to a parallel periapical x-ray?

requires a film holder which can be hard to place and is uncomfortable to patient

what is the bisecting technique for periapical x-rays?

film is positioned along the tooth and the central ray is directed perpendicular to an imaginary line that bisects the angle formed by the long axis of the tooth and the film

what are the advantages to the bisecting periapical x-ray?

no need for film holder, more comfortable to the patient, quicker

what are the disadvantages to the bisecting periapical x-ray?

higher chance of magnification and super imposition, not reproducible

what is a bitewing dental x-ray?

captures both maxillary and mandibular teeth, interproximal area and bone in a single film

what are the clinical indications of a bitewing dental x-ray?

detection of cavities, periodical review, evaluate alveolar bone level and pulp chamber

what is the postioning for a bitewing x-ray?

film is placed parallel to the crown of the teeth then is stabilized by the patient biting onto a tab, beam is perpendicular to the receptor

what is an occlusal dental x-ray?

technique which exposes all the maxilla or mandible

what are the clinical indications for an occlusal x-ray?

detection of presence of unerupted teeth, supernumeraries and odontomes, evaluate size and extent of lesions

what is a positioning for a maxillary occlusal technique?

patient is seated with IR on occlusal plane which is parallel to floor then patient bites down gently
tube positioned either above patient angled down at 65 degrees or below patient angled up at 65 degrees

what is an orthopantomogram?

a panoramic single image radiograph of the mandible, maxilla and teeth

what are the clinical indications of an OPG?

general dental health evaluation, trauma assessment for fractures, infection evaluation, temporomandibular joint assessment, growth monitoring of paediatric teeth

what are the advantages of OPGs?

broad anatomical region, lower dose, can view both sides of jaw, allows comparisons of condylar heads

what are the disadvantages of OPGs?

poor anatomical detail, soft tissue and air shadows can superimpose the structures

what is the positioning for an OPG?

MSP is perpendicular to floor, frankfort line is parallel to floor, patient is erect with their head straight, incisors are placed correctly on bite block

what happens to the appearance of the OPG if the patient’s chin is too high?

condyles may not be visible, maxillary incisors will appear blurred and magnified

what happens to the appearance of the OPG if the patient’s chin is too low?

condyles will appear higher on image and mandibular incisors will appear blurred and roots will look shorter

what happens to the appearance of the OPG if the patient sits too far forward?

anterior teeth will be narrowed and spine will be visible

what happens to the appearance of the OPG if the patient sits too far back?

anterior teeth will be magnified and ramus wont be entirely visible

what happens to the appearance of the OPG if the MSP isnt centred?

ramus and posterior teeth will appear unequally magnified - the side furthest from receptor will appear magnified

what is a lateral cephalogram?

evaluates the relationship between structures of the facial skeleton, primarily for orthodontic assessment

what are the clinical indications of a lateral cephalogram?

dental/skeletal development, analysis of dentak/skeletal relationships, orthodontic or maxillofacial treatment, planning and monitoring