Psychology Chronic Illness

Self-concept

Chronic illness is a threat to someone’s _________

Increase

Chronic illness is associated with an _______ in risk for anxiety and depression.

After

One fault in research on chronic illnesses is that most of the research focuses on what happens ______ diagnosis which may not give us a clear image of what the person had experienced before.

After

Because most research focuses on what occurs ______ diagnosis of a chronic illness, we may miss out on factors that take place prior, like the struggles of dealing with undiagnosed symptoms.

Unique

Each chronic illness experience is ________ and subjective. No two individuals will experience their illness the same way.

Memoirs

________ or case studies can be beneficial in studying chronic illnesses because each experience is unique.

Invisible

A big struggle that can come with chronic illnesses is that they are often __________ to those around the patient. The patient is experiencing symptoms that are very real but others may not even know.

Doubt

Chronic illnesses may be hard to perceive in others, and many patients experience having others _____ their illness or the severity of their symptoms.

Managed

There are lots of ups and downs with a chronic illness and while symptoms can be ___________ they never really go away

Chronic Illness

Illnesses that are prolonged, do not resolve spontaneously, and are rarely cured completely.

Cure

Chronic illnesses don’t really have a _____.. even cancer patients are said to be in remission and may still identify with the effects of having that disease.

12 months or more

Chronic illnesses are defined as prolonged, how long do they last?

Chronic illness

An illness that is expected to persist for 12 months or more at diagnosis.

7/10

How many Americans have a chronic illness?

5/10

How many people who have a CI actually have two or more chronic illnesses

Comorbidity

Having two or more illnesses simultaneously

Women and minorities

Which groups have disproportionately more chronic illnesses?

Socioeconomic status

What social factor is positively correlated with having a chronic illness?

They have lower socioeconomic status

Why do women and minorities have more chronic illnesses?

Higher

There is a ladder effect where _____ socioeconomic status is associated with better health.

health

Socioeconomic Status is correlated with _____ as wealth can cause disparities in medical care, like who can see a doctor.

No

Is it just older people who suffer from chronic illnesses?

60%

What percent of people aged 18 to 34 have a chronic illness?

75%

Which percent of people aged 35 to 64 have a chronic illness?

7

Chronic illnesses are responsible for ____ of the top ten causes of death in the United States

Death and Disability

What are two consequences of chronic illnesses?

Disability

Limitations in one or more major life activities, including self-care, work, and caring for dependent others.

Self-care, work, and caring for others

Disability means an impaired ability to perform what three tasks?

Arthritis

Which chronic illness causes the most disability?

Hypertension

Which is the most common chronic illness?

Hypertension, arthritis, diabetes, and cancer

What are the top four chronic illnesses?

60%

What percent of people have hypertension?

Heart disease

What chronic illness is the number one killer?

Physical

Undergoing treatment or managing a chronic illness has lots of implications. Some are _____ like nausea, vomiting, fatigue, loss of hair

Psychological

Undergoing treatment or managing a chronic illness has lots of implications. Some are _____ like uncertainty, stress over financial burden, loss of identity

Social

Undergoing treatment or managing a chronic illness has lots of implications. Some are _____ like not having the energy to socialize, not having time to visit friends, feeling embarrassed or hiding symptoms from others.

Physical, psychological, and social

Carelle did a study asking 100 patients to rank side effects of cancer treatments. They assessed ______, _________, and _______ effects

Affects my family or partner

What was the highest-ranked side effect of the cancer patients in 2002?

2002

In which study were the cancer patients more concerned about how treatment affected their relationships, work/home duties, and social activities?

No, there were big difference between the two

Where the side effects between the group in 2002 and 1980 similar?

Social/psychological

The advances in medical treatments and symptom management meant that the patients in the 2002 study were more focused on ____________ factors than physical side effects.

Physical

Because medical treatments were less advanced cancer patients in the 1980s were more affected by ___________ side effects.

Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs

A five‑level psychological theory stating that humans must satisfy basic physiological and safety needs before progressing to social, esteem, and ultimately self‑actualization needs. People will put their physical needs above other needs.

Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs

This theory explains why the cancer patients in the 1980s focused less on social needs because their physical needs weren’t being met.

Self-concept

When someone is diagnosed with a chronic illness their ___________ is threatened which can lead to anxiety and depression.

Disease

Being diagnosed with a chronic disease can alter your self-concept because this _______ is something that will affect you for the rest of your life.

Self-concept

Self-knowledge, your concept of who you are.

Self esteem

Feelings about yourself and your qualities.

William James

Father of psychology in the United States. He developed the “empirical self” theory, which describes how we form ideas of who we are.

Empirical Self

The theory that states that we collect data to form an image of who we are. Includes material, social, and spiritual aspects.

Material Self

The psychological ownership of tangible things, body, people, and things. This forms a part of our empirical self.

Social Self

Roles we play and how we are regarded by others. Ex: I am a student or I am a sister. Forms a part of our empirical self

Spiritual Self

Non-tangible aspects of our self-concept such as personality, hopes, and aspirations.

William James

The first psychology professor at a United States university, teacher and researcher.

Self-concept

A test measuring ___________ would have someone describe themselves including aspects like qualities, personality, background, hobbies, and physical characteristics.

Collectivist

A __________ would have a self-concept that revolves around group membership, whereas an individualist would have a self-concept that includes personal roles.

No

Is our self-concept always accurate

Self-concept

This plays a dominant role in our daily experience and developing a chronic illness can threaten this and our fundamental self beliefs

Self-concept

This is fundamental to who we are and developing a chronic illness can threaten this

Behavior

Our self-concept affects our___

Body

Chronic illness can cause us to feel betrayed by our own _____

Impair

Chronic illness can _____our ability to be as we were and may change our hopes or goals as we are no longer able to do what we used to

Grieving

When one accepts that they have a chronic illness this may involve _____

Anxiety and depression

Because chronic illness threatens our self-concept it can result in high levels of _______ and _____

Mourning

Developing a chronic illness may result in _____ the loss of the person that used to be

Depression

The woman in the article struggled with _____ and lack of self-worth as she was forced to give up her job and hobbies due to her chronic illness

Understand

The woman in the article struggled with depression, especially as her chronic illness put strain on her relationships and others didn't _______ what she was going through

1/2

Over ____ of people in the United States have a chronic illness

Depression

Over 42% of cancer patients had ____

Perspective

Although those who had a heart attack were neurologically intact, they had a large shift in _____

Inadequacy

People with chronic illness may feel like others don't understand what they are going through and physical changes can lead to feelings of ______

Brain

Cardiac disease also affects the _____ Miny strokes can cause our thinking to become slow or fuzzy

Medications p

_______ that are used to treat chronic illnesses can sometimes have side effects that alter the brain and can cause depression

Heart

Mental health disorders can increase the risk for _____ disease

Sympathetic nervous system

This component of the autonomic nervous system can be damaging to the heart when activated in the stress response

Self

Chronic illness changes one's sense of ____ as well as relationships

Cardiac

Other diseases associated with _____ disease include hypertension, obesity, diabetes and metabolic diseases

Interventions for depression and heart disease

Psychotherapy for depression was associated with a 75% reduction in hospital visits in addition to pharmacotherapy

Integrative

An _____ is best for treating heart disease because of the role of depression. This would involve both psychotherapy and pharmacotherapy

Cardiac rehab

A term for treatment that involved exercise, education and lifestyle changes to combat risk for recurrent heart problems

Depression

There's by directionality between ____ and chronic illness

Social

______ connection is an important protective factor for depression and chronic illness

Acceptance

There's a spectrum for coping with chronic illness from denial to acceptance to engulfment with ______ being argued as the most adaptive response in the long term

Inflammation

There's a link between depression ________ and illness like heart disease

Cortisol

There's a link between high _____ or sympathetic nervous system stimulation, depression and chronic illness like heart disease

Inflammation

Prolonged sympathetic stimulation, high allostatic load, and ________ are associated with both depression and chronic illness

Function

In medicine adjustment in response to chronic illness is mostly associated with improved _____

Psychological

For psychologists adjustment focuses on ______ states

Adjustment

The presents are absence of psychological disorder, psychological symptoms, or negative mood in response to chronic illness

Adjustment

Often, new depression and anxiety can result from a diagnosis to chronic illness. This would be a negative _____ to the diagnosis

Quality

Adjustment to chronic illness influences _____ and quantity of life

Quality

Adjustment influences the _____ of life including pain level of disability and how well you live

Quantity

Adjustment to chronic illness affects _____ of life Or how long you live, mortality?

Clinical

Sometimes the depression and anxiety post diagnosis of a chronic illness don't meet _______ thresholds, but individuals have high symptoms and this affects thoughts and behavior

Denial, anxiety and depression

What three emotions are primary in chronic illness

Denial than anxiety then depression

What order do emotions usually occur in after being diagnosed with a chronic illness

20%

Over what percent face the pattern of denial, anxiety, depression after being diagnosed with a chronic illness

Different

The pattern of denial, anxiety, and depression is generally true across people and among _______ diagnoses within the first year

Proportions

While many people experience the pattern of denial anxiety than depression, each person experiences them a bit differently because of different time frames or ______

Denial

Which emotion is typically the first response to diagnosis with a chronic illness