psyc 101 test 3

consciousness

difficult to study ___ in others

consciousness, assume other humans minds are similar to ours

mind-body connection

Exists, but extent and mechanism are still being research

Freudian Unconscious

dynamic unconscious (Sigmund Freud)

Repression

–a mental process that removes unacceptable thoughts and memories from consciousness.

–“Freudian slips”.

Inner struggle to control these impulses and desires

Our conscious experience is really limited and there’s this wealth of childhood experiences

cognitive unconscious

subliminal perception

a thought or behavior that is influenced by stimuli that a person cannot consciously report perceiving

Circadian rhythm

a biological rhythm with a period of about 24 hours

• Impacted by genetics, stress, illness, exercise, drugs…

Internal desynchronization

• jet lag, shift workers

• Mental and motor deficits

• Temperature regulation and hormone cycles may take days to recover

Waking Brain

Beta waves: alert, awake

Alpha waves: relaxation, drowsy

Sleeping Brain

Five stages of sleep:

Stage 1: theta waves, light sleep

Stage 2: minor noises probably won’t disturb you

Stage 3: delta waves

REM sleep:

EEG Patterns During the Stages of Sleep

Stages of Sleep During the Night

How much sleep do we need?

The amount of healthy sleep needed changes throughout the lifespan

Newborns: 16 hours

Adults: 7-8 hours

REM sleep is especially crucial for normal functioning.

Interrupt REM sleep repeatedly memory problems and excessive aggression

What if I don’t get 7-8 hours of sleep?

Sleep deprivation is associated with:

Death in rats in 21 days

Reduced learning & memory consolidation

Increased depression & irritability

Reduced mental acuity & reaction time

Increased risk of accidents and injury

Reduced mental flexibility, attention, creativity, problem solving skills

High cortisol levels → damage brain cells for learning and memory

Hallucinations and delusions

Increased vehicle (1,500 deaths/year) and work accidents

2/3 of Americans get < recommended 7-8 hours

American students get average of 6 hours.

less sleep → lower grades

Effects of Sleep Deprivation

Why do we need sleep?

Evolutionary cost, so why?

Sleep provides “time out” for body to replenish…

Eliminate waste from muscles

Strengthen immune system

Repair cells throughout body

Essential for memory consolidation and problem solving skills

No all-nighters!!!

Sleep Disorders

Insomnia

Sleep apnea

Somnambulism

Narcolepsy

Night/sleep terrors

REM Behavior Disorder

Insomnia

Sleeping pills are not a good term solution because…

Sleep apnea

Causes many awakenings during night

Detected by spouse most often

Somnambulism

Safe to wake them

Narcolepsy

Degradation of hypothalamus neurons

Influenced by genetics

Treated effectively with meds

Night/sleep terrors

Non REM sleep

REM Behavior Disorder

Play football in sleep

Dreams

Most everyone dreams

“…touch of insanity about them…”: depart from reality

Five general characteristics

• Intense emotion

• Thought is illogical

continuities of time, place, and person don’t apply

• Sensations are fully formed

Sight is primary, also sound, touch, movement

• Uncritical acceptance

As though it is all normal

• Difficulty remembering

May lose recall of dream within seconds

Nightmares

Average college student has 24/year

More common in children and adults who have experienced trauma

Mundane dreams

Reflect prior day experiences (day residue)

Things we are concerned about

Images of recent past

Dream Theories I

Freud felt that dreams represent (suppressed) wishes, some unacceptable.

Manifest content:

Latent content:

Problem: any dream can have infinite interpretations

Research suggests we DO express unwanted thoughts in dreams (failure)

Dream Theories II

Problem-Focused Approach:

Dream about your concerns

Rehearse various strategies to solve them

Some theorists believe we are not, in fact, solving our concerns, just replaying them.

1982 & 1996 study suggested …

Women: children, family, friendly interactions, household objects, clothes, indoor events

Men: strangers, weapons, violence, sexual activity, achievement, outdoor events

Dream Theories III

Activation-synthesis model:

Cortex attempts to synthesize or integrate signals with existing knowledge and memories to produce a coherent interpretation.

Tends to set off responses in emotional and visual parts of the brain

Doesn’t mean dreams are meaningless

Brain is always on quest for meaning so may assign some to random firing.

Altered States of Consciousness

Historical reports and perspectives

Rats will work to receive drugs

90% die after 30 days of self-administered cocaine

Drug addiction is a mindbug: inability to look past the immediate consequences of our behaviors.

Drugs and Addiction

Psychoactive drug

Drug tolerance

Psychoactive drug

a chemical that influences consciousness or behavior by altering the brain’s chemical message system.

Drug tolerance

Dependence

is a maladaptive pattern of substance use manifested by such symptoms as repeated substance ingestion despite physical or psychological problems caused by the substance, ingesting larger amounts of the substance over longer periods of time, unsuccessful efforts to limit substance use, tolerance to the substance's effects, and physiologic withdrawal (DSM-IV).

Psychological dependence

a strong desire to return to the drug even when physical symptoms are gone.

Abuse

a problematic pattern of substance use that results in poor role functioning, interpersonal difficulties, recurrent substance use in physically hazardous situations, or repeated legal difficulties.

Types of Psychoactive Drugs

Depressants

Stimulants

Narcotics/Opiates

Hallucinogens

Mariguana

Depressants

substances that reduce the activity of the central nervous system (alcohol, barbiturates, benzodiazepines, toxic inhalants).

Alcohol

52% of Americans over 12yo report having a drink in past 1 month, 31% report binge drinking

DUI is leading cause of car accidents, 32% of crash fatalities

ST: Euphoria, reduced anxiety  slur speech, poor judgment, delayed reaction

LT: cardiovascular and liver disease, pancreatitis, malabsorption, cancer, damage to CNS & PNS, impaired memory, Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome.

Is it a disease?

Stimulants

substances that excite the central nervous system, heightening arousal and activity levels (caffeine, amphetamines (Adderall), nicotine, cocaine, ecstasy).

ST: euphoria, wakefulness, energetic → anxious, irritable, increased body temp, HR, BP, confusion, muscle spasms, blurred vision, fibrillation, stroke, seizure

LT: paranoia, violent behavior, psychosis/weight loss, insomnia, cardiac or cardiovascular complications

Narcotics/opiates

highly addictive drugs derived from opium that relieve pain (heroin, morphine, methadone, codeine).

ST: feeling of well-being, stupor, lethargy, impaired coordination, confusion, nausea, dizziness, heavy body feeling, slowed or arrested breathing, constipation

LT: cardiac and cardiovascular difficulties, liver disease, pneumonia, hepatitis, HIV, fatal overdose

endorphins/endogenous opiates

natural neurotransmitters that have a similar structure to opiates and that appear to play a role in how the brain copes internally with pain and stress.

Hallucinogens

drugs that alter sensation and perception and often cause visual and auditory hallucinations (LSD, mescaline, psilocybin, PCP, ketamine).

ST: feeling of being separate from one’s body, impaired motor function, anxiety, tremors, numbness, memory loss, nausea,

LT: flashbacks, mood swings, impaired thinking, violent outbursts, depression, psychosis

Marijuana

the leaves and buds of the hemp plant that produces a mildly hallucinogenic intoxication.

THC is active ingredient

ST: mild hallucinations, euphoria, heightened sense of sight/sound, perception of rush of ideas, decreases ST memory and learning, impairs motor skills and coordination, increase HR, appetite, and anxiety, panic attacks

LT: respiratory problems, memory, mental health decline

Emotion

a state of arousal involving facial and bodily changes, brain activation, cognitive appraisals, subjective feelings, and tendencies towards action, all shaped by cultural rules.

Physiological changes

Cognitive processes

Cultural influences

Primary Emotions

Fear, anger, sadness, joy, surprise, disgust, (contempt)

Secondary Emotions

develop with cognitive maturity and vary across individuals and cultures

One may feel ashamed for feeling sad or angry about something

Universal expressions of emotion

Specific facial muscle contractions correspond to primary emotions

Difference between real and faked emotions

The Function of Facial Expressions

1. Facial Feedback

2. Darwin’s Theory

3. Mood Contagion

The Function of Facial Expressions, Facial Feedback

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When told to smile/hold pencil in teeth → positive feelings increase

When told to look angry → positive feelings decrease

Darwin’s Theory

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Babies’ expressions have survival value

Parents can tell what infants need

All adults feel connected when infant smiles at them

Babies will mimic parents’ facial expressions/moods

Mood Contagion

See picture of specific facial expressions → your own facial muscles mimic the ones you are observing → activates similar emotional states for you

Have lunch with depressed friend your mood might sink as well

Have lunch with a positive enthusiastic friend, your mood might lift as well

The BRAIN and Emotion I

Fast and Slow Pathways of emotions, especially fear, through the amygdala.

You jump when you feel a hand on your shoulder in the dark (fast). Then you relax when you realize its your friend (slow).

Autonomic Nervous System

Sympathetic NS

Lie Detector Tests

Slow Pathway

- Sensory info goes from thalamus, to cortex, to amygdala. Cortex conducts full scale investigation of info and its importance. Cortex sends message to amygdala to either maintain or decrease fear response

Fast Pathway

- Amygdala gets info from thalamus directly and makes a fast and simple decision.

Autonomic Nervous System

Sympathetic NS → adrenal gland → epinephrine (aka adrenaline) + norepinephrine → increase energy + alertness

Dilate pupils, increase HR, increase respiration, increase blood sugar, decrease digestion

Prepare body for threat/excitement

Primary emotions have unique hormone levels and cortex activation patterns

Lie Detector Test/Polygraph Machine

Based on assumption that a lie involves emotion and increased autonomic arousal

Detects increased HR, respiration rate, electrical conductance of skin

More accurate than person judging if someone is lying BUT still generally invalid because…

No pattern of physiological arousal is specific to lying (could be anger, nervousness, etc.)

People can “beat the test” by thinking about something exciting or tensing muscles during neutral questions

Greek Philosophers, Elements of Emotion: THE MIND (Appraisals)

People don’t become angry, sad, or anxious because of actual events, but because of their explanations of those events

Ask two people, “How was the vacation?” and you may get two very different responses.

The Mind: Cognitive Appraisals I

interpretation/perception of a situation

Do poorly on an exam: 1. feel guilty bcs you didn’t study 2. feel angry bcs it was a difficult test 3. feel happy bcs want to fail out of school to join the circus

William James: The paradox of the athlete who is “shamed to death” for coming in second place (but not 3rd).

The Mind: Cognitive Appraisals II

Cognitive Appraisals: One’s interpretation of a situation.

May be immediate perception OR general philosophy of life.

Suggests that you can change your feelings about something by reappraising it.

Basis for cognitive therapy.

Emotional Regulation

Usually an attempt to turn negative emotions to positive ones.

Behavioral

Cognitive

Behavioral

Cognitive

try not to think about it, reappraisals (change one’s emotional experience by changing the meaning of the emotion-eliciting stimuli)

Your crush ignores you when they walk by because …

Elements of Emotion: THE CULTURE I

Research suggests primary emotions are relatively universal, but likelihood of secondary emotions differ across cultures

German “schadenfreude”

Tahitians have no word for sadness

Children learn cultural nuances for emotions

Facial Expressions in Social & Cultural Content

Familiarity affects the ability to read facial expressions.

People are better at identifying emotions expressed by others in their OWN ethnic, national, or regional group.

Facial expressions can mean different things at different times/social context/listener’s expressions.

Smile: happy, I’m trying to be pleasant, don’t be mad at me.

People often use facial expressions to lie about their true feelings. (Emotion Work)

Don’t always show it when you are angry

Display rules

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Grief: Do men cry or do they appear stoic?

Emotion work

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You appear happy at a wedding when you are really feeling jealous

intensification, deintensification, masking, neutralizing (learn from book)

Elements of Emotion: THE CULTURE IV

Body Language is often cultural as well

Fiorello LaGuardia, mayor of NYC 1933-1945

Can often predict cultural background based on radius of circular hand movements

Some nonverbal cues are relatively universal

Depressed:

Proud:

Some are not universal

Texas Longhorn symbol

Hedonic principle

the notion that all people are motivated to experience pleasure and avoid pain (Aristotle).

Motivation

a process within a person or animal that causes movement either toward a goal or away from an unpleasant situation.

Food, love, sex, achievement

Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs

Intrinsic Motivation

the desire to do something for its own sake and the pleasure it brings

Play piano for the joy music gives you

More likely to work harder and more creatively

Extrinsic Motivation

the desire to pursue a goal for external rewards

Play piano for fame and money

Motives to Love

Passionate/Romantic Love: a turmoil of emotions and sexual passion

Crush, love at first sight, early stages

May either burn out OR turn into companionate love

Companionate Love: based on affection and trust

Proximity

you love the ones nearest to you

Similarity

you love the ones most like you

Looks, attitudes, beliefs, values, personality, interests

Secure

rarely jealous or worried about being abandoned (64%)

Insecure: Avoidant

distrust and avoid intimate attachments

Insecure: Anxious/Ambivalent

agitated about relationships, want to be close but worry partner will leave them, clingy, more unrequited love

Attachment Theory of Love is similar to Parent/Child Attachment Theory (How do you love…from your parents?)

Emotional dynamics of adult romantic relationship are governed by same systems that govern the infant-caregiver relationship

Form internal working models for relationships: Can I trust others? Am I worthy of being loved? Will my parents/partner leave me?

What is Love?

Passion, Intimacy, Commitment

Passion (more biological) often subsides as intimacy increases

Intimacy: based on deep knowledge of person that accumulates over time

Must define “What is Love?” for yourself

Do men and women love differently?

Just as likely to have love at first sight, passionate and companionate love, unrequited love, securely and insecurely attached, suffer with broken heart

Do differ in how they EXPRESS love

Women → words Men → actions

Based on culture, economic, and social rules

Motives to Achieve

Why do some people work well and others just want to get job done?

Why do some work to make basic living and others have passion to achieve lofty goals?

1950s research started by David McClelland

Thematic Apperception Test (TAT)

Project feelings and fantasies onto ambiguous pictures

Difference do emerge

Goals

Goal is more likely to improve your motivation for achievement if …

Goal is specific.

“I will do my best”- not a good goal

Goal is challenging.

But not impossible

Goal is framed in terms of getting what you want rather than avoiding what you don’t want.

Approach Goals:

Avoidance Goals:

Persistence

Talent & Ambition do not predict who will be persistent and who will stop in the face of challenges

Performance Goals: framed in terms of performing well for others, being judged favorable, avoiding criticism.

More likely to surrender with any failure

Mastery Goals: framed in terms of increasing one’s competence and skills.

Key is to blend the two types of goals

Growth Mindset

Children

Praised for intelligence and ability

Set more performance goals

Gave up sooner, enjoyed task less, lied to others about their performance

Praised for effort

Set more learning goals

In the US, kids believe intelligence and ability are fixed, but ….

Effort can always increase

Expectations

Self-fulfilling prophecy: your expectations make you behave in ways that make the expectation come true.

Bandura’s Self-Efficacy

Develops with experience of mastering new skills, overcoming obstacles, learning from occasional failure, having successful role models, receiving constructive feedback, getting encouragement

High Self-efficacy  faster problem solving, better task performance, more persistent, healthier, motivated to work for political and social change,

Opportunity

Poverty

Resources

Gender and Diversity

Glass Ceiling

No chance of promotion men and women tend to down play the importance of achievement, fantasize about quitting, and emphasize social benefits instead of intellectual and financial benefits

Work Conditions

Factors that increase work motivation, satisfaction, creativity (and decrease emotional burnout & stress)

Work feels meaningful and important to employees

Employees have control over many aspects of their work

Tasks are varied rather than repetitive

The company maintains clear and consistent rules

Employees receive useful feedback about their work so they know what they have accomplished and what they need to improve

Employees have many sources of social support, including from colleagues and supervisors.

Strongest motivator is incentive pay bonuses given upon completion of goal rather than automatic raise; increases feelings of competence and accomplishment

Developmental psychology

the study of _______________________.

Prenatal environment, infancy, childhood, adolescence, adulthood

Prenatal Development

Prenatal stage

Germinal stage

Embryonic stage

Fetal stage

Prenatal stage

from conception to birth.

Germinal stage

Zygote: begins as a single cell that contains chromosomes from both a sperm and an egg

Embryonic stage

the period of prenatal development that lasts from the 2nd week until about the 8th week.

Embryo

Fetal stage

Fetus

Prenatal Environment

The placenta links the mother’s bloodstream to the developing embryo or fetus.

Facial features, children with fetal alcohol syndrome often don’t have ridge above lip, just flat line

Teratogens

fetal alcohol syndrome: a developmental disorder that stems from heavy alcohol use by the mother during pregnancy.

Smoking during pregnancy

Infancy

the stage of development that begins at birth and lasts generally until baby is walking (toddlerhood)

Motor development

the emergence of the ability to execute physical action.

reflexes

specific patterns of motor response that are triggered by specific patterns of sensory stimulation.

Rooting Reflex

Sucking Reflex