2 - Family Fasciolidae, Superfamily Paramphistomoidea

Large flukes mostly in the bile ducts of ungulates

FAMILY FASCIOLIDAE

Ventral sucker close to oral sucker

FAMILY FASCIOLIDAE = Distomes

Ovary and testes branched and ceca plus excretory bladder usually

highly branched or dendritic

FAMILY FASCIOLIDAE

Usually in digestive tract of fishes, amphibians, reptiles, birds and mammals

SUPERFAMILY PARAMPHISTOMOIDEA

Usually thick, fleshy and circular in transverse

section, some are cone-shaped

SUPERFAMILY PARAMPHISTOMOIDEA

Ventral sucker at posterior end

SUPERFAMILY PARAMPHISTOMOIDEA = Amphistomes

eggs – large (130–150 μm long by 60–90 μm wide), thin-

shelled, operculate, unembryonated when pass with the

feces

Family Fasciolidae

IH of Family Fasciolidae

FW aquatic snails

Fasciolidae species that are zoonotic

Fasciola hepatice, gigantica

Fasciolopsis buski

common liver fluke

Fasciola hepatica

in the bile ducts of large and small

ruminants, pigs, hare, rabbits, beavers,

coypus, elephants, horses, dogs,

kangaroos, cat and man throughout the

world

Fasciola hepatica

Fasciola hepatica can also occur where except for the usual bile ducts

may also occur in the lungs, under the

skin, etc. of unusual hosts, e.g. man

and horse

causes liver rot or liver fluke disease

Fasciola hepatica or gigantica

eggs of Fasciola are color __ when _ and its yolk balls or vitelline cells are less distinct or more diffuse vs. amphistome eggs

yellow when fresh

Fasciola eggs embryonate in __ and hatch to into _ at what °C

embryonate in water and hatch to miracidia in 10-12

days at 26°C

most important snail IH of Fasciola hepatica

Lymnaea truncatula

Stagnicola (Lymnaea) bulimoides

L. columella

L. tomentosa

L. viator

L. cubensis

explain life cycle of Fasciola hepatica (also for others in the family fasciolidae and Superfamily Paramphistomoidea = same only)

daughter rediae are produced under unfavourable

condition

cercariae – settle within few to 2 h on blades of grass or

other plants just below water level or on water surface,

cast off tail and form cyst to become metacercariae

(size: 280 μm or 0.28 mm in diameter)

after ingestion by DH

- metacercariae excyst in the duodenum; young flukes

emerge after being elicited by a bile component,

glycocholic acid

young flukes  intestinal wall  most are in the

abdominal cavity within 24 h  have penetrated the liver

capsule by 4-6 d AI  migrate in liver parenchyma where

they feed for 4-7 weeks

finally, they enter bile ducts and mature

1 egg of fasciola is equivalent to how many metacercariae and is due to

1 egg = ~600 metacercariae because of paedogenesis

or polyembryony

Pre-patent period and longevity of fasciola heaptica

6-12 weeks

11 years

Pathogenesis of fasciola hepatica - penetrates _

intestine and Glisson’s capsule – little damage

liver effects of fasciola hepatica are due to 3

a) Mechanical destruction

b) Toxic excretory and secretory (ES) products

c) Loss of blood

migrating flukes and irritation

of bile ducts by the adults

Mechanical destruction

inflammation, edema, and fibrosis of the bile ducts

(pipestem fibrosis or liver); consequence of the latter

is atrophy of the liver due to back pressure, cirrhosis

and possibly jaundice

Toxic excretory and secretory (ES) products

due to liver hemorrhage (acute form)

and hematophagous feeding of the adults  anemia is

perhaps caused by parasite proline; proline also induces

bile duct collagen deposition

Loss of blood

more prone to the pathogenic effects of

infection of fasciola hepatica; no age resistance

young hosts

for sheep infection of fasciola hepatica, what constitutes as moderate infection

less than 30 adults

for sheep infection of fasciola hepatica, what constitutes as medium infection

30-200 adults

for sheep infection of fasciola hepatica, what constitutes as severe infection

more than 200 adults

clinical forms of fasciolosis

acute

subacute

chronic

subclinical

occurs after sudden massive ingestion of metacercariae occurs after a few days

Acute fasciolosis

Acute fasciolosis occurs with acute, traumatic and hemorrhagic hepatitis with

appearance of enzymes like

aspartate transferase (AST),

glutamate dehydrogenase (GDH), and sorbitol

dehydrogenase (SDH), in plasma from 2nd week AI

after longer massive ingestion of metacercariae in the course of 4-8 weeks

Subacute fasciolosis

subacute, traumatic and hemorrhagic hepatitis, peritonitis,

enlarged liver, cholangitis, liver fibrosis, loss of appetite

and weight, progressive hemorrhagic anemia, liver failure,

death

subacute fasciolosis

following prolonged moderate intake of metacercariae, occurs for several months

Chronic fasciolosis

lowered appetite, slowly developing

hypoproliferative anemia, emaciation, edema under

the jaw (bottle jaw), hypoalbuminemia, appearance

of gamma glutamyl transferase or transpeptidase

(GGT) in the plasma indicates blockade or chronic

damage of bile ducts

Chronic fasciolosis

chronic fasciolosis can be determined by the appearance of what enzymes in the plasma which indicates

appearance

of gamma glutamyl transferase or transpeptidase

(GGT) in the plasma indicates blockade or chronic

damage of bile ducts

most common form of fasciolosis, in very low level

and prolonged intake of metacercariae

subclinical form

CS of subclinical fasciolosis

moderate cholangitis

how are antibodies of fasciola hepatica detected

specific antibodies can be detected from 3rd week AI by

ELISA, IHA, etc.

cattle and sheep condition of fasciolosis

no evidence of acquired resistance in sheep and cattle

cattle can recover spontaneously and partially resist

reinfection

how is fasciolosis diagnosed

grazing history

clinical signs

fecal examination (sedimentation (NOT FLOTATION), Stoll egg counting

technique)

serology – ELISA for blood and milk samples (BEST method to detect Abs early at 3wks AI at greatest damage on migratory period to liver parenchyma)

Liver enzymes detection in plasma

flukecide treatment for 1-6 days of fasciolosis

Diamphenetide

currently the drug of choice for fasciolosis + the other one

Triclabendazole

Bithionol

flukecide treatment for 6wks and older of fasciolosis

Rafoxanide, Closantel, Nitroxynil

flukecide treatment for >12 wks r of fasciolosis

Albendazole, Brotianide, Clorsulon, Niclofolan, Netobimin, Oxyclozanide

ABCNNO

how can fasciolosis be prevented

farm management and grazing practices – zero grazing,

avoidance or fence off snail-infested areas, drain wet

areas or improve water flow

control snail – ducks, by chemicals only when negative

environmental impact is minimal (niclosamide, sodium

pentachlor phenate, copper sulfate)

chemicals to use when environmental impact of fasciola is minimal

niclosamide, sodium pentachlor phenate, copper sulfate

large liver fluke

F. gigantica

more common in Africa, Asia (including the Phils.),

Hawaii and tropical and subtropical regions

F. gigantica

DH of F. gigantica that is relatively resistant

Indonesian Thin Tail sheep

most important helminth of livestock in PH

F. gigantica

IH of F. gigantica

Radix rubiginosa (formerly Lymnaea auricularia rubiginosa SEA, PH)

L. natalensis (Africa)

L. viridis (China, Hawaii, Japan)

L. rufescens (Indian subcontinent),

L. acuminata (Malaysia)

metacercariae of F. gigantica can survive up to how many months

survive up to 4 months on stored straw

PPP of F. gigantica in host

12 weeks or more (longer than hepatica)

difference in the pathogenesis of F. hepatica and gigantica

12 weeks or more

large American liver fluke, giant deer fluke

Fascioloides magna

in bile ducts and or liver tissue

of white-tailed deer, other

Cervidae (roe deer, moose,

elk, fallow deer) wapiti, cattle,

bison, sheep, goat, pig, horse,

etc. of North America, central

Europe (invasive species),

Mexico and South America

Fascioloides magna

eggs – single-cell stage when

passed with the feces

Fascioloides magna

Fasciolidae member where its eggs cannot be sen on fecalysis and does not go out into the liver and causes patent infection to bovids

Fascioloides magna

pathogenesis of fascioloides magna in deer

deer – found in thin-walled, loose vascular

connective tissue cysts with bile duct connections;

associated with reduced body size and lowered

number of antler points (less “pogi”!)

pathogenesis of fascioloides magna in bovids

enclosed in thick-

walled or calcareous cysts

preventing discharge of

eggs, cause patent infection

pathogenesis of fascioloides magna in sheep and goats

sheep and goats – migration in the liver is

unrestricted due to absence of cyst formation = Non encapsulated

more severe infection than bovids or deer

effect of Fascioloides magna on the excretory system of DH

produces large amount of melanin

(black iron porphyrin pigment); the pigment accumulates in

liver, omentum, kidneys and other internal organs of hosts

causes anemia, loss of weight,

hypoproteinemia, submandibular edema and

sometimes death in Asian elephants

F. (=Fasciola) jacksoni

large intestinal fluke

Fasciolopsis buski

in small intestine, rarely the stomach and colon, of humans, pigs and dogs in

the Orient (South and East Asia such as China, Indonesia, Vietnam, India

and Thailand)

large (3.0-7.5 by 0.8-2.0

cm), thick-set fluke,

without shoulders

 ceca not branched

Fasciolopsis buski

IH of Fasciolopsis buski

flat, spiralled freshwater snails

(Planorbis, Hippeutis and Segmentina)

metacercariae of Fasciolopsis buski are formed where and in what plants

underwater vegetation

- water chestnut Eliocharis tuberosa)

- water caltrop (Trapa natans, T. bicornis)

- lotus and water bamboo

how do DH of Fasciolopsis buski get infected

DH – eating of contaminated vegetation; the tubers

are eaten raw and often, children remove the outer

shell by their teeth; matures in about 3 months

heavy infection of Fasciolopsis buski causes what

diarrhea, ulceration and abscessation

of intestinal mucosa, anemia, and hypersensitization in

humans

treatment for fasciolopsis buski infection

albendazole, praziquantel

prevention for fasciolopsis buski infection

improved hygiene in vegetable production and consumption

in gall bladder and digestive tract of elks and wild goats

in the former USSR and Poland

Parafasciolopsis fasciolaemorpha

IH of Parafasciolopsis fasciolaemorpha

Planorbis corneus that inhabits swampy areas

family members of Superfamily Paramphistomoidea (amphistomes)

Family Paramphistomidae

Family Gastrothylacidae

Family Gastrodiscidae

in mammals, especially herbivores

body is “undivided” without a ventral pouch

Family Paramphistomidae

body is “undivided” with a ventral pouch

Family Gastrothylacidae

body is “divided” without a ventral pouch

Family Gastrodiscidae

in rumen of domestic

animals throughout the

world, conical and pink

when fresh

Paramphistomum cervi

Paramphistomid in European cattle

Paramphistomum daubneyi

Paramphistomid in Australasia

Paramphistomum ichikawa

Paramphistomid in rumen and reticulum of ruminants

Calicophoron

Orthocoelium

Cotylophoron spp.

Paramphistomid in rumen and abomasum of ruminants

Gigantocotyle formosanum

Paramphistomid in bile ducts and liver

Explanatum (=Gigantocotyle)

Paramphistomid in in stomach of beavers

Stichorchis subtriquetrus

Family Gastrothylacidae sp in in rumen and reticulum, testes – horizontal

Gastrothylax

Family Gastrothylacidae sp with ventral pouch – very large, extending over the whole ventral surface to posterior sucker

Gastrothylax crumenifer

Family Gastrothylacidae sp in rumen of

bovids

 testes – tandem

 uterus – runs forward in

midline

Fischoederius

most common

amphistome in cattle and

water buffaloes in the

Philippines,

Fischoederius elongatus

IH in the Philippines of Fischoederius elongatus

Gyraulus convexiusculus

Lymnaea philippinensis

Carmyerius of Family Gastrothylacidae occurs in where

rumen

occurs in rumen of water buffaloes in the

Philippines (Family Gastrothylacidae)

Velasquezotrema brevisaccus

in LI, ceca, rectum, and bile ducts of cattle, water

buffaloes, and other ruminants

Homalogaster paloniae

in intestines of equids and pigs

Gastrodiscus aegyptiacus

cecum and colon of pigs, also in primates, man as

accidental host being considered the only common

amphistome of man

Gastrodiscoides hominis

IH of amphistomes

FW or amphobious smails (Planorbis, Lymnaea, Gyraulus)

discuss specific LC of amphistomes that differes from the similar LC of F. hepatica

after ingestion

- metacercariae excyst in duodenum  mucosa 

migrate anteriorly through the tissues  abomasum 

creep to the rumen, mature in 2-4 months while attached

to the villi

- for other species, migrate to the large intestine or bile

ducts

cercariae of amphostomes are

large, pigmented and have eyespots

metacercariae of amphistomes may survive up to

3 months in pasture

Pathogenesis of amphistomes forms

acute or intestinal amphistomosis - migrating juveniles

following excystation

chronic amphistomosis

hepatic amphistomosis